A functional classification of the drift: traits that influence invertebrate availability to salmonids

Twelve categories/traits were used to classify and rank aquatic invertebrates based on their propensity to drift and importance as a food resource for salmonids. Invertebrate availability was based on their (i) propensity to intentionally drift, (ii) likelihood of being accidentally dislodged by the current, (iii) drift distance, (iv) adult drift, (v) benthic exposure, (vi) body size, and (vii) abundance. This study represents the first attempt to characterize the intentional drift propensity of stream invertebrates. A ranking procedure separated invertebrates into Baetis and three groups decreasing in availability. Predicted ranks were significantly correlated with the actual rank of invertebrates in trout guts taken in three separate studies conducted in the central Rocky Mountains, suggesting that this procedure can effectively rank invertebrates based on their availability as a food resource for salmonids. A cluster analysis separated the 95 taxa into four drift guilds and six availability groups. This study provides criteria for determining when alterations in invertebrate community composition will affect food resources for higher trophic levels by causing a decline in the most available taxa. This research also supports previous findings that floods are important in maintaining invertebrates that represent an important food resource for salmonids.

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A Classification of Quaking Aspen in the Central Rocky Mountains Based on Growth and Stand Characteristics

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/5.3.69 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 69-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wayne D. Shepperd

Keyword(s):

Rocky Mountains ◽

Quaking Aspen ◽

Independent Data ◽

Growth Data ◽

Data Set ◽

Stand Growth ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Central Rocky Mountains ◽

Stand Characteristics

Abstract A classification procedure using stand growth data from 140 aspen stands throughout Colorado and southern Wyoming was developed using multivariate clustering and discriminant analysis techniques. Stands were grouped into seven logical stand classses that differed in age, stocking, productivity, or other characteristics. A method of assigning other stands to these classes is presented and applied to an independent data set. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):69-75, July 1990.

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Sticholonche zanclea (Protozoa, Actinopoda) in fecal pellets of copepods and Euphausia sp. in Brazilian coastal waters

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842006000500009 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 839-847 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. M. Eskinazi-Sant'Anna

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Food Resource ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Important Food ◽

Fecal Pellets ◽

Paracalanus Parvus ◽

Scanning Electron

Fecal pellets produced by mesozooplanktonic copepods (Centropages velificatus and Paracalanus parvus) and macrozooplanktonic Euphausiacea (Euphausia sp.) were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Fragments of the protozoan Sticholonche zanclea were found in both copepod and in Euphausia sp. fecal pellets, even when the abundance of the protozoan in the water was low. The results suggest that S. zanclea is an important food resource for different trophic levels, including meso- and macrozooplankton, in Brazilian coastal waters.

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Objective and parametric methods used in functional classification disabled swimmers

Physiotherapy ◽

10.2478/physio-2013-0022 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Natalia Uścinowicz ◽

Wojciech Seidel ◽

Paweł Zostawa ◽

Sebastian Klich

Keyword(s):

Medical Diagnosis ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Objective Evaluation ◽

Subjective Assessment ◽

Fair Play ◽

Functional Classification ◽

Kinematic Parameters ◽

Athletes With Disabilities ◽

Rule Out

AbstractThe recent Olympic Games in London incited much interest in the competition of disabled athletes. Various people connected with swimming, including coaches and athletes, have speculated about the fairness of competitions of disabled athletes. A constant problem are the subjective methods of classification in disabled sport. Originally, athletes with disabilities were classified according to medical diagnosis. Due to the injustice which still affects the competitors, functional classification was created shortly after. In the present review, the authors show the anomalies in the structure of the classification. The presented discovery led to the suggestion to introduce objective methods, thanks to which it would be no longer necessary to rely on the subjective assessment of the classifier. According to the authors, while using objective methods does not completely rule out the possibility of fraud by disabled athletes in the classification process, it would certainly reduce their incidence. Some of the objective methods useful for the classification of disabled athletes are: posturography, evaluation of the muscle parameters, electrogoniometric assessment, surface electromyography, and analysis of kinematic parameters. These methods have provide objective evaluation in the diagnostic sense but only if they are used in tandem. The authors demonstrate the undeniable benefits of using objective methods. Unfortunately, there are not only advantages of such solution, there also several drawbacks to be found. The conclusion of the article is the statement by the authors that it is right to use objective methods which allow to further the most important rule in sport: fair-play.

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