An approach to describing ecosystem performance ``through the eyes of salmon''

The intent of this paper is to show that discussion of watershed health and salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) performance can incorporate a much greater degree of complexity without loss of clarity. We can and should include more temporal-spatial detail, more life history complexity, and more watershed-specific information. The framework and performance measures used in watershed management generally, and salmon management specifically, are inadequate. The bottleneck metaphor is cited all too frequently as a basis for discussion. The bottleneck analogy is useful in understanding capacity, but capacity alone cannot explain observed responses of salmon populations to environmental change. An argument can be made that where protection and enhancement of weak stocks is the priority, productivity is a more critical variable. However, a framework built only around productivity and capacity is also not sufficient. It neglects the need for connectivity of habitats that salmon must pass through to complete their life histories. Adding life history diversity as the third component of performance provides the time and space structure needed to deal with connectivity while also allowing for integration of populations where they mingle.