<p>Stringent environmental policies in many countries have played an extensive role in reducing external phosphorus (P) loading to lakes from agriculture and urban sources. Nonetheless, such reductions in external P loading to many eutrophic lakes have not resulted in the expected concurrent restitution of water quality. Such a delayed recovery of many lakes is blamed both on internal loading of legacy P from lake sediments (i.e., benthic recycling) and the amplification of such internal P loading processes due to the reduction in external P concentrations. Hence, a detailed process understanding of P cycling at the sediment-water interface (SWI) is critical to understand nutrient loading, water quality and associated effects on lake water quality. Much of the work on sedimentary P cycling has traditionally focused on inorganic processes of soluble phosphate, particularly sorption to metals (Fe, Mn, Al) oxyhydroxides and clays. However, there is increasing recognition that organic forms of P, along with interactions between phosphate and humic substances, also play a decisive role in controlling P fluxes between sediments and the overlying water column.</p><p>This study focused on gaining further understanding of the such processes through the collection of sediment cores from the oxygenated epilimnion and the mostly anoxic hypolimnion of Lake 227 of the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in Ontario, Canada. Since 1969, this unique experimental lake has been fertilized with phosphorus (P), which triggered a relatively rapid trophic transition from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions. The cores contain a chronological record of changes in sediment burial rates and sediment P speciation across this trophic transition.</p><p>Interpretation of such changes was undertaken by coupling results of chemical extractions with <sup>210</sup>Pb sediment dating, <sup>31</sup>P NMR, XANES and M&#246;ssbauer spectroscopy. The major sedimentary P fraction prior to lake enrichment starting in 1969 was organic P (P<sub>Org</sub>). Fertilization of the lake in 1969 coincided with significant increases in the accumulation rate of sediment, total organic carbon (TOC) and total P (TP), in addition to a marked relative contribution of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> extractable P. The combined proportion of P<sub>Hum</sub> and P<sub>Org</sub> desposited since artificial fertilization in 1969 account for &#8805;70% of total P burial in the sediments. The anticipated composition of such P<sub>Hum</sub> fractions was hypothesized to be ternary phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub>) complexes with humic substances. In support of this, the strong linear correlation between P and iron (Fe) extracted by NaHCO<sub>3</sub> implies a close association of the two elements in the humic fraction. Furthermore, XANES and M&#246;ssbauer spectra indicate that most Fe in the post-1969 sediments is conserved in the +3 oxidation state, which may be ascribed to the stabilization of reducible Fe by organic matter, partially due to the formation of ternary PO<sub>4</sub>-Fe(III)-humic complexes. Our findings suggest the artificial eutrophication of Lake 227 resulted in the accelerated accumulation of a large sedimentary reservoir of reactive sediment P that may drive continued internal P loading to the water column following the cessation of artificial fertilization.&#160;</p><p><strong>&#160;</strong></p>
Micro-aerobic bacterial methane oxidation in the chemocline and anoxic water column of deep south-Alpine Lake Lugano (Switzerland)
