Water quality requirements of smolting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in limed acid rivers

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2078-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Kroglund ◽  
Magne Staurnes
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Acidic River

Groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts were held 1-13 days in soft water with a pH range of 5.0-6.6, concentrations of labile inorganic monomeric Al (Ali) of 10-90 µg·L-1, and 0.7-2.3 mg Ca·L-1. Fish were exposed to either naturally acidic water from a river in southwestern Norway, limed water from the same river, mixtures of acidic and limed river water, acidic river water with sulfuric acid and Al added, or limed river water with additional lime. Mortality was observed in all groups exposed to water with pH < 5.8 and containing 30-90 µg Ali·L-1. No fish died in water with pH > 5.8 and 15-20 µg Ali·L-1, but fish in water with pH 5.8-6.2 had lower plasma Cl- concentration and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than fish in water with pH > 6.5. Smolts exposed to pH < 5.8 were unable to survive in seawater, and smolts exposed to water with pH 5.8-6.2 had lower hypoosmoregulatory capacity than smolts exposed to water with pH > 6.5. These results show that even moderately acidified water with low Al concentrations impairs smoltification and reduces the seawater tolerance of Atlantic salmon smolts.

Responses of Plasma Electrolytes, Thyroid Hormones, and Gill Histology in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to Acid and Limed River Waters

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2431-2440 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Brown ◽  
R. E. Evans ◽  
H. S. Majewski ◽  
G. B. Sangalang ◽  
J. F. Klaverkamp
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Altered Thyroid

Sexually maturing Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, were held, in the acidic (pH range 4.7–5.2) Westfield River, Nova Scotia and in the nearby, less acidic (pH range 5.2–5.6) Medway River. Exposure to Westfield River water in 1985 (149 d) and 1986 (126 d) reduced plasma osmolality, Na+, Cl−, and Ca++ (in females only) concentrations of post-spawning fish compared to those in fish held in the Medway River. There were coincidental increases in plasma K+, glucose, and unidentified osmotic fraction (UOF). Gill tissue showed hyperplasia of primary lamellae epithelium. Together, these findings indicate compromised ionoregulatory ability. Decreased plasma T3 (3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine) suggests altered thyroid function. Westfield River water did not affect plasma T4(L-thyroxine) or protein concentrations. An unintentional handling stress caused even more severely depressed plasma ions and more elevated plasma glucose in Westfield fish in 1985 relative to 1986; Medway fish largely recovered from this stress. These observations indicate that acid-exposed fish may be more sensitive to additional stressors. Limestone treatment of Westfield River water (elevating its pH to Medway values) ameliorated ionoregulatory ability but did not affect plasma T3 and Ca++ (female). A high salt diet (3% NaCl) failed to protect salmon from the effects of acidic water.

Responses of Kidney, Liver, Muscle, and Bone in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to Diet and Liming in Acidic Nova Scotia Rivers

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2441-2450 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Majewski ◽  
S. B. Brown ◽  
R. E. Evans ◽  
H. C. Freeman ◽  
J. F. Klaverkamp
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Kidney Liver

Two-year old sexually maturing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were held in the Medway (pH range 5.2–5.6) and WestfieSd (pH range 4.7–5.2) rivers of Nova Scotia for 149 and 126 d respectively, in successive years (1985 and 1986). Exposure to Westfield river water resulted in a depletion of renal and hepatic acid-soluble thiol (AST) and of renal ascorbic acid (AsA) reserves in both years. Liming, or the feeding of a high-salt (3.0% NaCl) diet, failed to maintain completely these reserves at levels found in Medway river salmon. In 1986 declines in bone (Ca and P) and muscle (Na and K) electrolytes were coincidental to elevations in liver glycogen, suggesting that gluconeogenesis was an adaptive mechanism in response to the ionoregulatory effects associated with acidic and low ambient calcium conditions. The addition of lime to Westfield river water restored muscle electrolyte levels, but had no effect on depleted bone Ca and P levels.

Aluminium in acidic river water causes mortality of farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norwegian fjords

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilhelm Bjerknes ◽  
Inger Fyllingen ◽  
Lisbet Holtet ◽  
Hans Chr. Teien ◽  
Bjørn O. Rosseland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Acidic River

Base additions to flowing acidic water: Effects on smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 587-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. K. Skogheim ◽  
B. O. Rosseland ◽  
E. Hoell ◽  
F. Kroglund
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Water Effects

Effects of Diet or Liming on Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Reproduction in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Held in an Acidic River

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2422-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Sangalang ◽  
H. C. Freeman ◽  
J. F. Uthe ◽  
L. S. Sperry
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Acidic River

Attempts to avert the impacts of an acidic river environment on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were carried out in 1985 and 1986. Salmon were held in the Westfield River (pH 4.7–5.2) and the nearby Medway River (pH 5.3–5.6) during their sexual maturation. A diet containing 3% NaCl was fed to the Westfield salmon in 1985. Marble chips were used to elevate the pH of Westfield River water in 1986. Fish fed the salt diet had higher peak levels of plasma sex hormones, higher fecundity, greater incidence of spawners, lower egg mortality, and less weight loss than fish fed a commercial trout diet. The reproductive performance of fish held in limed water (pH 5.1–5.9) almost attained the level observed in the Medway (control) fish. Limestone treatment stimulated early peaking of blood androgen levels, testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone in Westfield males, and 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, a follicular mediator of gonadotropin, in a few Westfield females. The head kidneys produced more cortisol and corticosterone in all Westfield fish in both years compared to Medway fish. The results suggest that neither dietary salt nor liming completely prevented the decline of reproductive performance and the alteration of steroid hormone metabolism in salmon.

Influence of Salinity, Temperature, and Exercise on Plasma Osmolality and Ionic Concentration in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1217-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Byrne ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
R. L. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Increase With Increase

In unexercised Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), plasma osmolality and Na+ and Ca++ concentrations varied little at temperature-salinity combinations of 3, 5, 10, and 14 C and 0, 15, and 30‰. Plasma K+ tended to increase with increase in temperature. Cl− values were similar at 5 and 14 C. At 1 C and 0‰, lower plasma osmolalities indicated reduced ability to osmoregulate. At 1 C and 30‰, elevated osmolalities and ionic values and mortalities indicated severe osmotic stress.After exercise for 2 hr at 3–4 body lengths/sec at 5 and 14 C, salmon in salinities of 0 and 15‰ had osmolalities and ionic values the same as or little changed from unexercised values. There were marked increases in the values following exercise in 30‰.

Increase of heart rate without elevation of cardiac output in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to acidic water and aluminium

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C Brodeur ◽  
Trine Ytrestøyl ◽  
Bengt Finstad ◽  
R Scott McKinley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Ventral Aorta

Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed for 48 h to water from acidified (pH 5.2) Fossbekk River (Norway), with and without 94 µg aluminium (Al)/L added as AlCl3, and to water from circumneutral (pH 6.7) Ims River (Norway) (controls). Cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume were monitored throughout the exposure period with Doppler flow probes placed around the ventral aorta of the fish. Fish exposed to Fossbekk River water without added Al showed few physiological disturbances. When 94 µg Al/L was added to Fossbekk River water, most of the fish died before the end of the 48-h exposure period, and a large elevation in heart rate was observed together with a decrease in plasma chloride concentrations and an increase in haematocrit, plasma glucose and plasma cortisol levels. Cardiac output was maintained at basal levels during the first 24 h of exposure because the tachycardia was accompanied by a concomitant reduction of stroke volume. Signs of arrhythmia appeared after 32 h of exposure and were associated with a further decrease in stroke volume that caused cardiac output to decrease below basal levels. The incapacity of the tachycardia to elevate cardiac output and the subsequent death of the fish suggest that this response to low pH and Al is more of a maladaptation reaction than a compensatory or adaptative reaction.

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