Increase of heart rate without elevation of cardiac output in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to acidic water and aluminium

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C Brodeur ◽  
Trine Ytrestøyl ◽  
Bengt Finstad ◽  
R Scott McKinley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Ventral Aorta

Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed for 48 h to water from acidified (pH 5.2) Fossbekk River (Norway), with and without 94 µg aluminium (Al)/L added as AlCl3, and to water from circumneutral (pH 6.7) Ims River (Norway) (controls). Cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume were monitored throughout the exposure period with Doppler flow probes placed around the ventral aorta of the fish. Fish exposed to Fossbekk River water without added Al showed few physiological disturbances. When 94 µg Al/L was added to Fossbekk River water, most of the fish died before the end of the 48-h exposure period, and a large elevation in heart rate was observed together with a decrease in plasma chloride concentrations and an increase in haematocrit, plasma glucose and plasma cortisol levels. Cardiac output was maintained at basal levels during the first 24 h of exposure because the tachycardia was accompanied by a concomitant reduction of stroke volume. Signs of arrhythmia appeared after 32 h of exposure and were associated with a further decrease in stroke volume that caused cardiac output to decrease below basal levels. The incapacity of the tachycardia to elevate cardiac output and the subsequent death of the fish suggest that this response to low pH and Al is more of a maladaptation reaction than a compensatory or adaptative reaction.

Arteriosclerosis in the ventral aorta and epicarditis in the bulbus arteriosus of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L)

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
A S Dalum ◽  
K H Kristthorsdottir ◽  
D J Griffiths ◽  
K Bjørklund ◽  
T T Poppe
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Bulbus Arteriosus ◽  
Ventral Aorta

scholarly journals Heart rate and swimming activity as stress indicators for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Aquaculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 531 ◽  
pp. 735804 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Svendsen ◽  
M. Føre ◽  
F. Økland ◽  
A. Gräns ◽  
R.D. Hedger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
As Stress

Effect of Nitrite on the Embryonic Development of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1726-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Williams ◽  
F. B. Eddy
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Delayed Hatching

Effects of nitrite on eggs, alevins, and fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were studied and of these developmental stages eggs were the most resistant with a 24-h LC50 value of 3276 mg∙L−1 N∙NO2. Upon hatching tolerance sharply decreased, the 24-h LC50 value for early alevins (2940 mg∙L−1 N∙NO2) decreasing to 121.8 mg∙L−1 N∙NO2. Development in freshwater or dilute saline (10 mmol∙L−1 NaCl) proceeded normally without mortalities. Long-term exposure to nitrite concentrations as low as 14 mg∙L−1 N∙NO2 delayed hatching and retarded embryo growth and development as well as producing cardiovascular effects such as a reduced heart rate. The physiological and environmental implications of nitrite exposure are discussed.

Cardiac Responses to a Natural Odorant as Evidence of a Sensitive Period for Olfactory Imprinting in Young Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Philippe Morin ◽  
Julian J. Dodson ◽  
François Y. Doré
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Olfactory Recognition ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Olfactory Imprinting

Olfactory imprinting was assessed in young Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, undergoing smoltification (parr–smolt transition) by measuring their cardiac responses to a natural odorant, L-cysteine. Condition factor and body coloration were used for characterizing the degree of smoltification. In Experiment 1, heart rate conditioning to L-cysteine was used to compare olfactory learning between fish from different age groups of smoltification. In Experiments 2 and 3, other fish from the same age groups of smoltification were exposed to L-cysteine and their long-term olfactory memory was assessed by measuring their unconditioned cardiac responses to L-cysteine after smoltification. In Experiment 2, the time from the end of odor exposure to testing for olfactory recognition was kept constant for ail age groups of smoltification whereas in Experiment 3, the age of fish tested for olfactory recognition was kept constant. Greater conditioning (heart rate reduction) to L-cysteine occurred in age-groups 3 (612–619 d since birth) and 6 (642–649 d) as compared with any other age group of smoltification. Fish tested for odor recognition exhibited a greater unconditioned response (cardiac deceleration) to L-cysteine if they belonged to age-group 3 than to any other age group of smoltification. Our results demonstrated the existence of a sensitive period for olfactory imprinting in Atlantic salmon that occurred between 21 and 28 d after the onset of smoltification induced in the laboratory.

Water quality requirements of smolting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in limed acid rivers

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2078-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Kroglund ◽  
Magne Staurnes
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Acidic River

Groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts were held 1-13 days in soft water with a pH range of 5.0-6.6, concentrations of labile inorganic monomeric Al (Ali) of 10-90 µg·L-1, and 0.7-2.3 mg Ca·L-1. Fish were exposed to either naturally acidic water from a river in southwestern Norway, limed water from the same river, mixtures of acidic and limed river water, acidic river water with sulfuric acid and Al added, or limed river water with additional lime. Mortality was observed in all groups exposed to water with pH < 5.8 and containing 30-90 µg Ali·L-1. No fish died in water with pH > 5.8 and 15-20 µg Ali·L-1, but fish in water with pH 5.8-6.2 had lower plasma Cl- concentration and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than fish in water with pH > 6.5. Smolts exposed to pH < 5.8 were unable to survive in seawater, and smolts exposed to water with pH 5.8-6.2 had lower hypoosmoregulatory capacity than smolts exposed to water with pH > 6.5. These results show that even moderately acidified water with low Al concentrations impairs smoltification and reduces the seawater tolerance of Atlantic salmon smolts.

Responses of Plasma Electrolytes, Thyroid Hormones, and Gill Histology in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to Acid and Limed River Waters

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2431-2440 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Brown ◽  
R. E. Evans ◽  
H. S. Majewski ◽  
G. B. Sangalang ◽  
J. F. Klaverkamp
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Altered Thyroid

Sexually maturing Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, were held, in the acidic (pH range 4.7–5.2) Westfield River, Nova Scotia and in the nearby, less acidic (pH range 5.2–5.6) Medway River. Exposure to Westfield River water in 1985 (149 d) and 1986 (126 d) reduced plasma osmolality, Na+, Cl−, and Ca++ (in females only) concentrations of post-spawning fish compared to those in fish held in the Medway River. There were coincidental increases in plasma K+, glucose, and unidentified osmotic fraction (UOF). Gill tissue showed hyperplasia of primary lamellae epithelium. Together, these findings indicate compromised ionoregulatory ability. Decreased plasma T3 (3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine) suggests altered thyroid function. Westfield River water did not affect plasma T4(L-thyroxine) or protein concentrations. An unintentional handling stress caused even more severely depressed plasma ions and more elevated plasma glucose in Westfield fish in 1985 relative to 1986; Medway fish largely recovered from this stress. These observations indicate that acid-exposed fish may be more sensitive to additional stressors. Limestone treatment of Westfield River water (elevating its pH to Medway values) ameliorated ionoregulatory ability but did not affect plasma T3 and Ca++ (female). A high salt diet (3% NaCl) failed to protect salmon from the effects of acidic water.

Effects of Low Environmental pH on the Survival, Growth, and ionic Composition of Postemergent Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 768-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles L. Lacroix ◽  
D. James Gordon ◽  
Dana J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Composition Changes

Postemergent Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were reared during the early feeding phase in the soft, acidic water of the Westfield River (mean pH 5.0) in Nova Scotia. The fry were held in a flow-through system of tanks in situ and were fed a hatchery diet. Bioassays were also conducted in river water treated with limestone (mean pH 6.1) to provide a control. Cumulative mortality of fry after 30 d in the tanks was 70% at pH 5.0 and only 4% at pH 6.1. Fry in untreated river water were inactive, ingested little food, and lost weight (approximately 25%) during the first 15 d of exposure. Large increases in body [Ca2+] and [Na+] were observed in fry at both pH levels during that time, but the increase in [Ca2+] lagged and that in [Na+] was less in fry at low pH. Deaths occurred 15–30 d after swim-up and dead fry were all severely emaciated, indicating that deaths were probably from starvation. Although there were differences in ionic composition changes in fry held at pH 5.0 compared with control, no major depletion of body ionic reserves occurred relative to initial concentrations. Surviving fry at pH 5.0 developed a tolerance after 25 d and had growth rates, condition factors, and ionic concentrations similar to those of fry in treated water. The mortality of fry during the transition to exogenous feeding, in response to low pH stress in soft water, is probably responsible for reduced recruitment and the decline or loss of salmon stocks in this and other acidic rivers of Nova Scotia.

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