GENOMES OF THE AUSTRALIAN WILD SPECIES OF COTTON. I. GOSSYPIUM STURTIANUM, THE STANDARD FOR THE C GENOME

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Allan Edwards

A detailed karyotype of Gossypium sturtianum Willis is presented to establish the C genome karyotype for comparison with other Australian wild species of cotton. Gossypium sturtianum has one chromosome with a median centromere, eight with slightly submedian centromeres, two with submedian centromeres and two with highly submedian centromeres. Chromosomes 8 and 9 have satellites. The total complement length is 75.04 micrometers.

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Allan Edwards ◽  
M. Anwar Mirza

Gossypium bickii Prokh. is distinct from the C genome species, although it was tentatively placed in this genome. A comparison of the karyotypes of G. bickii and G. sturtianum Willis separates G. bickii sharply from G. sturtianum, the standard species for the C genome. Karyotypic differences are evident in centromere position of the chromosomes, chromosome size, and the lack of satellites or secondary constrictions in G. bickii. A clear separation of G. bickii from G. sturtianum and other Gossypium species is also demonstrated in previous studies of phenetic analysis, flower flavonoids, DNA content, and electrophoresis of seed proteins, esterases, leucine aminopeptidases, and catalases. G. bickii is placed in a new G genome and is assigned to the 2G1 subgenome.


Author(s):  
Paulina Tomaszewska ◽  
Romuald Kosina

AbstractThis study analysed cytogenetic events occurring in the syncytial endosperm of the Avena magna H. C. Murphy & Terrell × Avena longiglumis Durieu amphiploid, which is a product of two wild species having different genomes. Selection through the elimination of chromosomes and their fragments, including those translocated, decreased the level of ploidy in the endosperm below the expected 3n, leading to the modal number close to 2n. During intergenomic translocations, fragments of the heterochromatin-rich C-genome were transferred to the D and Al genomes. Terminal and non-reciprocal exchanges dominated, whereas other types of translocations, including microexchanges, were less common. Using two probes and by counterstaining with DAPI, the A. longiglumis and the rare exchanges between the D and Al genomes were detected by GISH. The large discontinuity in the probe labelling in the C chromosomes demonstrated inequality in the distribution of repetitive sequences along the chromosome and probable intragenomic rearrangements. In the nucleus, the spatial arrangement of genomes was non-random and showed a sectorial-concentric pattern, which can vary during the cell cycle, especially in the less stable tissue like the hybrid endosperm.


Author(s):  
Paulina Tomaszewska ◽  
Romuald Kosina

AbstractThis study analysed cytogenetic events occurring in the syncytial endosperm of theAvena maroccanaGand. ×Avena longiglumisDur. amphiploid, which is a product of two wild species having different genomes. Selection through the elimination of chromosomes and their fragments, including those translocated, decreased the level of ploidy in the endosperm below the expected 3n, leading to the modal number close to 2n. During intergenomic translocations, fragments of the heterochromatin-rich C-genome were transferred to the A and Al genomes. Terminal and non-reciprocal exchanges dominated, whereas other types of translocations, including microexchanges, were less common. Using two probes and by counterstaining with DAPI, theA. longiglumisand the rare exchanges between the A and Al genomes were detected by GISH. The large discontinuity in the probe labelling in the C chromosomes demonstrated inequality in the distribution of repetitive sequences along the chromosome and probable intragenomic rearrangements. In the nucleus, the spatial arrangement of genomes was non-random and showed a sectorial-concentric pattern, which can vary during the cell cycle, especially in the less stable tissue like the hybrid endosperm.


Author(s):  
E.O. Shmelkova ◽  
M.A. Slugina ◽  
A.A. Meleshin ◽  
E.V. Romanova

Работа посвящена разработке и тестированию универсальных праймеров для ПЦР-амплификации полноразмерных генов-ортологов β-фруктофуранозидазы (кислой вакуолярной инвертазы) у видов и сортов картофеля (Solanum tuberosum). Крахмал – основной источник энергии и резервный углевод, накапливающийся в амилопластах клубней. Образовавшаяся в результате фотосинтеза молекула глюкозы при реакции с фруктозой образует сахарозу – основную транспортную форму углеводов в растении. В клубни сахароза доставляется по флоэме (апопластный путь), где в межклеточном пространстве расщепляется до глюкозы и фруктозы, которые затем проникают в клетки паренхимы. Глюкоза служит в дальнейшем субстратом для синтеза крахмала в амилопластах. Однако при воздействии пониженных температур крахмал в клубнях картофеля разрушается до редуцирующих сахаров. Параллельно этому процессу идет ресинтез сахарозы до глюкозы и фруктозы за счет фермента кислой вакуолярной инвертазы (β-фруктофуранозидазы), кодируемой геном Pain-1. В совокупности эти процессы приводят к избыточному накоплению моносахаров в клубнях картофеля, так называемому холодовому осахариванию (cold-induced sweetening). При этом создаются условия для интенсивного образования меланоидинов, вызывающих потемнение мякоти картофеля, что значительно ухудшает товарное качество продукта. Таким образом, изучение гена Pain-1, кодирующего вакуолярную инвертазу, а именно, его идентификация и анализ структуры – важная задача, необходимая для поиска доноров, устойчивых к холодовому осахариванию. Первоочередная задача для этого – разработка и тестирование праймерных комбинаций, позволяющих амплифицировать полноразмерный ген у диких видов картофеля, а также сортов и линий культивируемого картофеля (S. tuberosum). В данной работе приведены результаты разработки и тестирования универсальных праймеров, с помощью которых можно амплифицировать как полноразмерные гены-ортологи, так и фрагменты гена Pain-1, а также подобраны оптимальные условия для проведения ПЦР реакции. Было разработано 6 праймерных комбинаций (PainF – PainR, PainF – Pain1exR, Pain1exF – Pain3exR, Pain2inF – Pain2inR, Pain3exF – Pain5exR, Pain5exF – PainR), среди которых комбинация PainF – PainR позволяла амплифицировать полноразмерный ген, остальные – внутренние и будут использованы в дальнейшем при секвенировании фрагментов исследуемого гена. Эти праймеры были успешно протестированы на 15 образцах, включающих представителей пяти дикорастущих видов картофеля (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) и десяти сортов российской и зарубежной селекции (Гала, Ласунок, Ред Скарлетт, Рассет Бербанк, Мирас, Башкирский, Жуковский ранний, Матушка, Елизавета, Сударыня).The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. Summary. The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. In total 6 primer combinations were designed (PainF - PainR, PainF - Pain1exR, Pain1exF - Pain3exR, Pain2inF - Pain2inR, Pain3exF - Pain5exR, Pain5exF - PainR), where PainF - PainR primer combination allowed to amplify a full-sized gene, the rest are internal and will be used in the further fragments sequencing of the β-fructofuranosidase gene. These primers were successfully tested on 15 samples, including five wild species of potato (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) and ten varieties of Russian and foreign breeding (Gala, Lasunok, Red Scarlet , Rasset Burbank, Miras, Bashkirsky, Zhukovsky ranniy, Matushka, Elizaveta, Sudaryna).


Author(s):  
Aparna . Veluru ◽  
Kanwar P. Singh ◽  
Namita . . ◽  
Sapna . Panwar ◽  
Gayacharan . . ◽  
...  

Roses are the most important commercial ornamental plants grown for flowers, perfumery and nutraceutical compounds. Commercially cultivated roses (Rosa × hybrida L.) are complex interspecific hybrids probably derived from 8-10 wild species among the large diversity of 130-200 species in genus Rosa. Wild germplasm is a primary source of variability and plays a major role in improving existing varieties by broadening their genetic base. In the present investigation, we have utilized the previously identified SSR primers for studying the diversity among 148 selected rose genotypes, including wild species and cultivated varieties of Indian and exotic origin. A total of 88 alleles was scored using 30 polymorphic loci; they produced average 2.9±1 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values for different SSR loci ranged from 0.08 to 0.8 with a mean value of 0.5±0.2. The neighbor-joining tree generated based on Nei’s (1978) genetic distance values grouped the population into three major clusters. Cluster-I and II consists of all modern rose cultivars (Rosa × hybrida L.) originated from India and cluster-III consists of all exotic cultivars, wild species and a few cultivars from India. STRUCTURE analysis based on microsatellite allelic data, partitioned the total rose genotypes into four different sub-populations with some individual genotypes having genomic admixture. Population subdivision estimates, FST between different subpopulations ranged from 0.01-0.15 indicates low to moderate level of divergence existing among the rose cultivars and germplasm. Population differentiation in rose cultivars and wild species corresponds to their geographical origin and lineages. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results revealed that 83.12 % of the variance was accounted for by within sub-groups followed by significant levels of variation among the populations (10.42%) and least variance (6.46%) was noticed among individuals within groups.


Crop Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 2608-2620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Nikzad ◽  
Berisso Kebede ◽  
Jaime Pinzon ◽  
Jani Bhavikkumar ◽  
Rong-Cai Yang ◽  
...  

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