Understanding genetic diversity, structure and population differentiation in selected wild species and cultivated Indian and exotic rose varieties based on microsatellite allele frequencies

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna . Veluru ◽  
Kanwar P. Singh ◽  
Namita . . ◽  
Sapna . Panwar ◽  
Gayacharan . . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Nutraceutical Compounds ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
Admixture Population

Roses are the most important commercial ornamental plants grown for flowers, perfumery and nutraceutical compounds. Commercially cultivated roses (Rosa × hybrida L.) are complex interspecific hybrids probably derived from 8-10 wild species among the large diversity of 130-200 species in genus Rosa. Wild germplasm is a primary source of variability and plays a major role in improving existing varieties by broadening their genetic base. In the present investigation, we have utilized the previously identified SSR primers for studying the diversity among 148 selected rose genotypes, including wild species and cultivated varieties of Indian and exotic origin. A total of 88 alleles was scored using 30 polymorphic loci; they produced average 2.9±1 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values for different SSR loci ranged from 0.08 to 0.8 with a mean value of 0.5±0.2. The neighbor-joining tree generated based on Nei’s (1978) genetic distance values grouped the population into three major clusters. Cluster-I and II consists of all modern rose cultivars (Rosa × hybrida L.) originated from India and cluster-III consists of all exotic cultivars, wild species and a few cultivars from India. STRUCTURE analysis based on microsatellite allelic data, partitioned the total rose genotypes into four different sub-populations with some individual genotypes having genomic admixture. Population subdivision estimates, FST between different subpopulations ranged from 0.01-0.15 indicates low to moderate level of divergence existing among the rose cultivars and germplasm. Population differentiation in rose cultivars and wild species corresponds to their geographical origin and lineages. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results revealed that 83.12 % of the variance was accounted for by within sub-groups followed by significant levels of variation among the populations (10.42%) and least variance (6.46%) was noticed among individuals within groups.

scholarly journals Genetic status of Norway spruce (Picea abies) breeding populations for northern Sweden

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Androsiuk ◽  
A. Shimono ◽  
J. Westin ◽  
D. Lindgren ◽  
A. Fries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Ssr Loci

AbstractEfficient use of any breeding resources requires a good understanding of the genetic value of the founder breeding materials for predicting the gain and diversity in future generations. This study evaluates the distribution of genetic variation and level of relatedness among and within nine breeding populations of Norway spruce for Northern Sweden using nuclear microsatellite markers. A sample set of 456 individuals selected from 140 stands were genotyped with 15 SSR loci. Over all loci each individual was identified with unique multilocus genotype. High genetic diversity (average He=0.820) and low population differentiation (FST=0.0087) characterized this material. Although low in FST, the two northernmost populations were clustered as a distinct group diverged from the central populations. The population differentiation pattern corresponds well with the post glacial migration history of Norway spruce and the current gene flow and human activity in the region. The average inbreeding coefficient was 0.084 after removal loci with high frequency of null alleles. The estimated relatedness of the trees gathered in the breeding populations was very low (average kinship coefficient 0.0077) and not structured. The high genetic variation and low and not structured relatedness between individuals found in the breeding populations confirm that the Norway spruce breeding stock for northern Sweden represent valuable genetic resources for both long-term breeding and conservation programs.

scholarly journals Comparison of Three Domestications and Wild-Harvested Plants for Nutraceutical Properties and Sensory Profiles in Five Wild Edible Herbs: Is Domestication Possible?

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costanza Ceccanti ◽  
Marco Landi ◽  
Luca Incrocci ◽  
Alberto Pardossi ◽  
Francesca Venturi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Nutraceutical Compounds ◽  
Sanguisorba Minor ◽  
Sensory Profiles ◽  
Nutraceutical Properties

In this study, five wild edible herbs traditionally consumed in the Tuscany region (Italy) were evaluated for their potential in human nutrition. The nutraceutical characterization of Rumex acetosa, Cichorium intybus, Picris hieracioides, Sanguisorba minor, and Plantago coronopus, as well as their sensory profile were reported. Additionally, a preliminary assessment of completely different domestication of the wild species (named “soilless”, pot, and open field) was conducted to verify the possibility of their marketability, which is impossible if the plants are only gathered as wild. The open field domestication allowed to obtain plants with nutraceutical and sensory profiles similar to those of the wild species, especially in C. intybus, P. hieracioides, and S. minor. The pot domestication allow to obtain plants with chlorophyll and carotenoid contents close to those of the wild species, as well as a lower total phenolic and flavonoid content and ascorbic acid content than wild species. In the “soilless” method, R. acetosa and P. coronopus exhibited a high quality in terms of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. Afterward, the sensory profile was strongly affected by the domestication in terms of the palatability, except for R. acetosa and P. coronopus, which displayed Hedonic Index (HI) values close to the consumer acceptability limit (HI = 6). A sensory profile similar to that of wild species was reported in open field domestication, whereas a worse sensory profile was reported in P. hieracioides and C. intybus domesticated using the soilless method. Finally, according to the preliminary assessment carried out in this study through an analysis of the general nutraceutical properties, S. minor was shown to be the most promising species thanks to its intrinsically highest nutraceutical properties considering the marketability of wild edible herbs as “new” functional food. However, further research on the bioavailability and bioactivity tests of nutraceutical compounds present in this species are required to confirm the findings of this study.

scholarly journals Development and Integration of an Instructional Garden in Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis P. Stimart
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Maintenance Management ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The University

The Allen Centennial Gardens are instructional gardens managed by the Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Twenty-two garden styles exist on the 2.5-acre (1.0-ha) campus site with a primary focus on herbaceous annual, biennial and perennial ornamental plants. The gardens are used for instruction mostly by the Department of Horticulture and secondly by departments of art, botany, entomology, landscape architecture, plant pathology, and soils. Class work sessions are limited due to the gardens' prominence on campus, high aesthetic standards, space restrictions, and large class sizes. Undergraduate students are the primary source of labor for plant propagation, installation and maintenance; management; and preparation of interpretive literature. Work experience at the gardens assists students with obtaining career advances in ornamental horticulture. Future challenges include initiating greater faculty use of the gardens for instruction and creating innovative ways to use the gardens to enhance instruction.

Speciation in Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus): I. Genetic Differentiation

The Auk ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned K. Johnson ◽  
Robert M. Zink
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Sister Clade ◽  
The Mean

Abstract We report the results of an electrophoretic analysis at 39 presumptive genetic loci of 88 specimens in the picid genus Sphyrapicus, here treated as comprising the following species: Williamson's Sapsucker (S. thyroideus), Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (S. varius), Red-naped Sapsucker (S. nuchalis), and Red-breasted Sapsucker (S. ruber). Seventeen loci (43.5%) were polymorphic. Values for observed heterozygosity in S. ruber ruber, S. ruber daggetti, and in three populations of S. nuchalis were uniform and averaged 0.043, the mean value reported for other birds. However, S. varius, at 0.022, and S. thyroideus, at 0.016, have low values of H. Values for percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 12.8 to 20.5 in S. ruber and S. nuchalis, 12.8 in S. varius, and 7.7 in S. thyroideus. In contrast, all four species exhibited a similar mean number of alleles per locus (1.12-1.21). Genetic distances between populations of the same species are either very low or zero. Genetic distances are also very low between the phenotypically dissimilar ruber and nuchalis (D̄ = 0.004), two forms we consider to be biological species based on their assortative mating in sympatry. This is the lowest avian interspecific D-value ever reported and is similar to that found between avian subspecies. Phenotypically, varius and nuchalis are very similar, yet the average genetic distance between samples of these forms, 0.029, is comparable to interspecific values reported for other avian congeners and is our chief basis for treating the two forms as separate species. S. thyroideus is strongly differentiated genetically from varius (D̄ = 0.142), from nuchalis (D̄ = 0.197), and from ruber (D̄ = 0.186). FST statistics point to little or no population subdivision within ruber and nuchalis but substantial subdivision within the superspecies varius (S. varius + S. nuchalis + S. ruber). The genetic information suggests that the Williamson's Sapsucker represents the oldest lineage in the genus. S. thyroideus split from its sister clade (superspecies S. varius) between 3 and 4 MYBP. S. ruber and S. nuchalis are sister species that evolved very recently, either during or since the Pleistocene and sometime after their common ancestor diverged from S. varius.

scholarly journals A Generic Estimation of Population Subdivision Using Distances Between Alleles With Special Reference for Microsatellite Loci

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 1061-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannis Michalakis ◽  
Laurent Excoffier
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

Abstract Several estimators of population differentiation have been proposed in the recent past to deal with various types of genetic markers (i.e., allozymes, nucleotide sequences, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, or microsatellites). We discuss the relationships among these estimators and show how a single analysis of variance framework can accomodate these qualitatively different data types.

scholarly journals Phenotype variability and inheritance of leaf shape in F1 generation of sunflower

Genetika ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreten Terzic ◽  
Jovanka Atlagic
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Hybrid ◽  
F1 Generation

Populations of wild sunflower species were crossed with cms cultivated lines because of their high variability. Variability was determined by measuring inflorescence diameter, ray flower number and the leaf length and width. The data was used for hierarchical cluster analysis in the SYSTAT 10 program and the obtained dendrogram was used to interpret divergence of used populations. Comparing 25 hybrid populations with parents tested the modes of inheritance. Cluster analysis divided plants in to three groups. The first ones were inbred lines of cultivated sunflower. In the middle of the cluster tree were annual wild species and the third group were perennial wild species. The mean value differences in observed traits between parents were significant. All modes of inheritance were present in Fi generation. Intermediate was the most frequent followed by equal number of partially dominant and dominant ones and in two hybrid combinations, negative heterotic effect was scored.

Use of expressed sequence tag microsatellite markers for exploring genetic diversity in lentil and related wild species

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (7) ◽  
pp. 1254-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SINGH ◽  
H. K. DIKSHIT ◽  
D. SINGH ◽  
N. JAIN ◽  
M. ASKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
Related Wild Species ◽  
Expressed Sequence

SUMMARYExpressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were used to analyse genetic diversity among three Lens species. The SSR loci amplified successfully in wild species, with 94·82% transferability in Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis, 95·4% in Lens nigricans, 98·81% in L. culinaris subsp. odemensis, 94·82% in L. culinaris subsp. tomentosus and 96·55% in Lens ervoides. Ninety-nine alleles (average 3·41 alleles/locus) were detected by 29 SSR markers. Based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis, all the genotypes were grouped into three clusters at a similarity level of 0·30. The diversity analysis indicated no species-specific clustering of the wild and cultivated species. Wild species L. nigricans and L. culinaris subsp. odemensis, L. culinaris subsp. orientalis and L. ervoides were grouped in Cluster I, whereas the Mediterranean land races of L. culinaris subsp. culinaris and L. culinaris subsp. tomentosus formed a separate group in Cluster II A. Cluster II B comprised L. ervoides, L. culinaris subsp. orientalis and L. culinaris subsp. culinaris. Clusters II C, II D and II F included cultivated Indian lentil genotypes. Cluster II E comprised Indian and Mediterranean germplasm lines. Cluster II F included three early maturing germplasm lines, whereas Cluster III included only two germplasm lines. The functional annotation of SSR-containing unigenes revealed that a majority of genes were involved in an important transport-related function or were a component of metabolic pathways. A high level of polymorphism of EST-SSRs and their transferability to related wild species indicated that these markers could be used for molecular screening, map construction, comparative genomic studies and marker-assisted selection.

Chestnut cultivar diversification process in the Iberian Peninsula, Canary Islands, and Azores

Genome ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo ◽  
Rita Maria Lourenço Costa ◽  
Ana María Ramos-Cabrer ◽  
Marta Ciordia-Ara ◽  
Carla Alexandra Marques Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill

This is a large-scale molecular study based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of the diversification process in chestnut cultivars from Portugal and Spain, from the northern Iberian Peninsula to the Canary Islands and the Azores. A total of 593 grafted chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) were analysed with 10 SSRs: 292 from Portugal and 301 from Spain. Some of the trees studied were more than 300 years old. Accessions were analysed using a model-based Bayesian procedure to assess the geographical structure and to assign individuals to reconstructed populations based on the SSR genotypes. We found 356 different genotypes with a mean value of clonality of 33% owing to grafting. Mutations accounted for 6%, with hybridization being the main diversification process that can explain the great diversity found. Ten main cultivar groups were detected: four in northern Spain, five in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and one in southern Spain related to the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. This work demonstrated that cultivar origin and the diversification process was a combination of clonal propagation of selected seedlings, hybridization, and mutations, which allowed high levels of diversity to be maintained with respect to selected clones for fruit production. Furthermore, seedlings and graft sticks facilitated the transport to new destinations in the colonization process, transporting sometimes more than 3000 km if we consider the Azores and the Canary Islands.

scholarly journals Introduction and Breeding of Rhododendrons in Latvia

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rihards Kondratovičs ◽  
Uldis Kondratovičs
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Habitat Size ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Extensive Collection ◽  
The University

Abstract Rhododendrons are relatively new beautiful ornamental plants in Latvia forming an essential part of public and private gardens, although they were introduced in Latvian territory already during the first half of 19th century. Rhododendrons deserve their immense popularity due to the diversity of their habitat, size and type of blossoms and leaves and their flowering season. There are about 1000 rhododendron species in the wild up to now whereas breeders in various countries have created more than 30 000 cultivars. Intensive rhododendrons introduction and acclimatization in Latvia started in 1957 when Rihards Kondratovičs, at the time director of the Botanical Garden, University of Latvia, started his research on the introduction and acclimatization of rhododendrons. Winterhardiness of about 400 wild species in Latvia was tested and 76 species were found to be suitable. Following the development of an extensive collection of wild rhododendron species and cultivars, the Rhododendron Breeding and Experimental Nursery “Babīte”, University of Latvia, was established at 1980 and the active breeding of new winterhardy cultivars was started. In 2017, the collection of outdoor rhododendrons of the University of Latvia consists of 76 species and 265 cultivars, including 109 cultivars bred in Latvia by Professor Rihards Kondratovičs.

Gardens of the Maya

2020 ◽  
pp. 187-209
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Terminal Classic ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Lacandon Maya ◽  
Maya Site ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Houselot gardens are cultivated spaces located adjacent to households and are commonly used to grow flowers, herbs, vegetables, and fruits. They function as a primary source of a diverse array of food items, including staples, condiments, medicines, and spices; they provide non-food items as well, such as dyes, construction materials, or ornamental plants; and they provide a supply of food that is sold in local and extra-local markets. The diversity of plants and uses make gardens a fundamental element of household subsistence production. This chapter investigates the articulation of Maya gardening practices with economic systems, focusing specifically on how changes in the political economy affects household production. We utilize diachronic data from the Pre-Columbian Maya site of Chan, exploring how household gardening practices were affected in a dynamic political landscape from the Middle Preclassic to the Terminal Classic. These data are contrasted with synchronic data from the contemporary village of Lake Mensabak, a Lacandon Maya community going through rapid social and political disruptions. This chapter demonstrates that although houselot gardens are small-scale and household oriented, they reflect changes and upheavals in local, national, and international political economies.

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