Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of Hordeum marinum and H. murinum

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ib Linde-Laursen ◽  
Roland von Bothmer ◽  
Niels Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Pattern Polymorphism ◽  
Hordeum Species

Giemsa C-banding patterns of the predominantly self-pollinating, annual species Hordeum marinum (2x, 4x) and H. murinum (2x, 4x, 6x) showed mostly very small to small bands at centromeric and telomeric positions, at one or both sides of the nucleolar constrictions, and at intercalary positions with no preferential disposition. A similar distribution of bands has been observed in other Hordeum species, suggesting that the pattern is the basic one in the genus Hordeum. Hordeum murinum, especially the hexaploid cytotype, was distinguished from H. marinum by having more numerous and more conspicuous bands, resulting in a significantly higher percentage of constitutive heterochromatin (9–17 vs. 4–8%). The differences in C-banding patterns supported by differences in chromosome morphology confirm that H. marinum and H. murinum are not closely related. Banding-pattern polymorphism was prevalent among populations but unobserved within populations. In spite of this polymorphism, banding patterns in combination with chromosome morphology identified homologous chromosomes of different populations of a taxon and indicated that the chromosome complements of the polyploids of both species comprised the genome of the related diploid as well as one or two "unidentified" genomes. This agrees with an alloploid origin of polyploids. The C-banding patterns of H. marinum ssp. marinum and H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum (2x) showed some divergence in spite of the close relationship. The C-banded karyotypes of H. murinum ssp. murinum and H. murinum ssp. leporinum (4x) were very similar, supporting conspecificity. Chromosome lengths and longest/shortest chromosome ratios were fairly similar to those previously published, supporting the conclusion that linear relationships of chromosomes are normally stable within genomes. The taxonomy of the two species is discussed.Key words: C-banding, karyotypes, Hordeum.

Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of Hordeum taxa from North America

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Linde-Laursen ◽  
Roland von Bothmer ◽  
Niels Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Marker ◽  
Marker Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Length ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Partial Inactivation ◽  
Pattern Polymorphism ◽  
Nucleolus Organizers

Giemsa C-banding patterns of Hordeum pusillum, H. intercedens, H. brachyantherum (2x, 4x, 6x), H. jubatum, H. arizonicum, and H. depressum (2x and 4x) were rather similar, with mostly small to very small bands with no preferential disposition. The use of C-banding patterns did not improve the level of identification of taxa beyond that reached by the use of chromosome morphology. Widespread banding-pattern polymorphism prevented a reliable identification of homologues among populations based on this character alone. Chromosome length did not differentiate taxa. The ratio longest/shortest chromosome was remarkably constant over taxa, only differentiating the race of H. brachyantherum (4x) from Newfoundland, H. arizonicum, and H. depressum (4x). Marker chromosome morphology suggested the presence of one genome common to all taxa. A further but different genome was common to the perennial polyploids, indicating an alloploid origin and a close relationship calling into question the biological relevance of some sectional divisions in Hordeum. A number of intraspecific chromosome polymorphisms were observed rendering the number of marker chromosomes, a poor diagnostic marker. A pair of relatively shorter submetacentrics than previously reported in Hordeum distinguished the genomes of H. arizonicum and H. brachyantherum (4x) from Newfoundland. A partial inactivation of the nucleolus organizers of one parental genome in interspecific hybrids is considered more common than generally appreciated.Key words: C-banding, karyotype, Hordeum.

Comparative Study of Chromosome Morphology and C-banding Patterns in Several Genotypes of Lens culinaris

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1811-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gaffarzade ◽  
R. Asghari-Za ◽  
N. Babaeian ◽  
K. Kazemi-Tab
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding

Intravarietal variation in satellites and C-banded chromosomes of Agropyron intermedium ssp. trichophorum cv. Greenleaf

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Xu ◽  
R. L. Conner
Keyword(s):  
Relative Length ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Agropyron Intermedium ◽  
Band Size ◽  
Biological Characters ◽  
Chromosomal Manipulation ◽  
Chromosome Modifications

A high amount of intravarietal variation in satellites and C-banded chromosomes was observed in the hexaploid wheatgrass synthetic cultivar 'Greenleaf' (Agropyron intermedium ssp. trichophorum (Link) A. &Gr., 2n = 6x = 42, genome E1E1E2E2SS). The cultivar is an open-pollinated perennial that shows extensive interplant polymorphism for many biological characters. Maximum number of satellites detected varied among plants from zero to six. In 61% of the plants, we observed two large satellites in association with zero, one, or two small ones. Chromosome constitution differed significantly among plants as revealed by analysis of variance based on the total number of banded chromosomes and the number of banded chromosomes with telomeric bands at either one or both ends. Heteromorphism in C-banding patterns between homologues was found in most of the chromosomes and was classified into four types: (i) difference in band size, (ii) difference in presence/absence of one or two bands, (iii) completely different banding patterns, and (iv) banded versus unbanded. Homologous chromosomes having types iii and iv heteromorphism could only be matched by their relative length and arm ratio instead of C-banding patterns. Deletions were detected in two chromosomes. Overall, C-banded chromosomes of this cultivar were characterized by the presence of large telomeric bands and were quite different from the previously reported karyotypes of the supposed diploid ancestor Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv. (genome EE) and an Ag. intermedium (Host) P. Beauv. accession (E1E1E2E2SS) The results suggest that dramatic chromosome modifications have occurred in this species during the course of evolution. The study sheds light on the extent of intrapopulation polymorphism present in the karyotypes of outcrossing polyploids and synthetic cultivars and has implications regarding strategies for chromosomal manipulation involving open-pollinated species.Key words: Agropyron intermedium ssp. trichophorum, intravarietal variation, satellites, C-banded karyotype.

scholarly journals KARYOLOGICAL STUDY IN THE CHILEAN RHATANY Krameria cistoidea HOOK. & ARN. (KRAMERIACEAE)

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
C. Palma Rojas ◽  
P. Jara Seguel ◽  
M. García ◽  
E. von Brand ◽  
C. Araya Jaime
Keyword(s):  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Chromosome Size ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Karyological Study ◽  
C Banding ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Karyotype Morphology ◽  
Two Populations

The karyotype of the plant species Krameria cistoidea Hook. & Arn. was studied by assessing chromosome characters such as morphology, size, and C-banding pattern. The karyotype of K. cistoidea was composed only by metacentric chromosomes in the two populations studied. The haploid set length was 51.9±2.3 µm and the mean chromosome size was 8.68±0.78 µm. Some similarities in chromosome morphology and size can be observed among K. cistoidea and K. triandra, in addition to the chromosome number 2n=12 which is conserved within the genus. K. cistoidea exhibited a symmetric banding pattern with large C-bands in the telomeres of the short and long arms of all chromosomes, except the short arm of pair 1. The relative length of the C-bands was 23.5% of the total haploid set length. These cytological results on K. cistoidea are the first data on quantitative karyotype morphology and C-banding patterns in the genus Krameria. Key words: Krameria, karyotype, C-banding

Analysis of karyotypes and Giemsa C-banding patterns in eight species of Arachis

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Cai ◽  
S. Lu ◽  
C. C. Chinnappa
Keyword(s):  
Close Relationships ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Interspecific Relationship ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
B Genome ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Structural Differences

The karyotypes and Giemsa C-banding patterns of the chromosomes in eight species of Arachis L. have been studied. Six species are diploid with 20 chromosomes and two are tetraploid with 40 chromosomes. One diploid species (A. rigonii Krap. et Greg.) belongs to the sect. Erectoides and the rest belong to the sect. Arachis. Among the diploid species from the sect. Arachis, A. batizocoi Krap. et Greg, has a unique karyotype while others have similar karyotypes. Two tetraploid species, A. monticola Krap. et Greg, and A. hypogaea L., possess the most similar karyotypes. However, the diploid species, A. rigonii, from sect. Erectoides, has a karyotype distinguishable from those in sect. Arachis. The C-banding patterns of the chromosomes have been obtained for all the species. The centromeric bands have been found in all the chromosomes and the intercalary bands can be identified in a varied number of chromosomes among these complements. However, the telomeric bands only exist in one or two chromosomes. The comparison of banding patterns demonstrated that structural differences exist among the chromosomal complements of the species with similar chromosome morphology. The karyotype variation among the different species and interspecific relationship are discussed. It is suggested that all the diploid species with the A genome are closely related. There are close relationships between the tetraploid species and diploid species with the A or B genome within sect. Arachis. Key words: Arachis, cytology, karyotypes, Giemsa C-banding.

Bearing of Chromosome C-banding patterns on the Classification of Eurasian Toads of the Bufo bufo Complex

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiko Kohsaka ◽  
Takeshi Seto ◽  
Leo J. Borkin ◽  
Masafumi Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Pericentric Heterochromatin ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Systematic Relationships

AbstractDistribution of NORs and C-spots in the karyotypes was compared among six forms of the Bufo bufo complex, i.e. B. j. japonicus, B. j. formosus, B. torrenticola and B. gargarizans miyakonis from Japan, and B. b. bufo and B. b. verrucosissimus from USSR. All forms invariably possessed NORs on 6q. All the 11 pairs of homologous chromosomes had constitutive heterochromatin on the centromere region in every form of toad examined. Further, each form had pericentric heterochromatin on 1p and telomeric one on 6q. Pairs 8 and 9 lacked C-bands except the centromeric spot in every form. Other chromosomes revealed unique C-spots specific to each form, and each form could be characterized from others by the banding pattern. Comparisons of the C-banding patterns of the three forms obtained with those of the published data revealed several discrepancies, but most of them were attributed to the unlike standard in recognizing spots by the different authors. Although the C-banding pattern is suggested to have some taxonomic value, systematic relationships among the six forms cannot be directly estimated by the analyses of banding patterns.

The influence of fixation on the morphology of mitotic chromosomes

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel J. J. Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Sister Chromatids

It is well known that there is a strong influence of fixation, i.e., acetic methanol versus formaldehyde, on the chromosome morphology at stages of the first meiotic division. In this study the influence of both these types of fixation on the morphology of mitotic chromosomes was examined in human lymphocytes. After methanol – acetic acid (3:1) fixation, the chromosomes show the "classical" condensed shape in which it is not always possible to recognize the two sister chromatids. These chromosomes are accessible to the conventional G-, R-, and C-banding techniques. After formaldehyde fixation at a relatively high pH, the chromosomes are thinner and longer (two to six times) when compared with chromosomes following methanol – acetic acid fixation. They show a scaffold-like morphology, sometimes with a halo of thin material around it. In all cases the two sister chromatids could be recognized. This chromosome structure could be easily stained with silver, Giemsa, 4,6-diamino-2-phenyl-indole (DAPI), and fluorescein isocyanate isomere 1 (FITC). The results obtained following these stainings gave no indication to any specific chemical composition of a probable central scaffold. The scaffold-like structures were not accessible to G-, R-, or C-banding techniques. The only effect observed following these banding techniques was the disappearance of the halo of thin material around the central scaffold-like structure.Key words: chromosome structure, fixation influence, human lymphocytes.

Rye C-banding patterns and meiotic stability of hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale) selections differing in kernel shriveling

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 686-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Papa ◽  
R. Morris ◽  
J. W. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Meiotic Stability ◽  
Metaphase I

Two winter hexaploid triticale populations derived from the same cross were selected on the basis of grain appearance and agronomic performance. The five lines from 84LT402 showed more kernel shriveling than the four lines from 84LT401. The derived lines were analyzed for aneuploid frequencies, rye chromosome banding patterns, and meiotic stability to detect associations with kernel development. The aneuploid frequencies were 16% in 84LT401 and 18% in 84LT402. C-banding showed that both selection groups had all the rye chromosomes except 2R. The two groups had similar telomeric patterns but differed in the long-arm interstitial patterns of 4R and 5R. Compared with lines from 84LT402, those from 84LT401 had significantly fewer univalents and rod bivalents, and more paired arms at metaphase I; fewer laggards and bridges at anaphase I; and a higher frequency of normal tetrads. There were no significant differences among lines within each group for any meiotic character. Since there were no differences within or between groups in telomeric banding patterns, the differences in kernel shriveling and meiotic stability might be due to genotypic factors and (or) differences in the interstitial patterns of 4R and 5R. By selecting plump grains, lines with improved kernel characteristics along with improved meiotic stability are obtainable.Key words: triticale, meiotic stability, C-banding, Secale cereale, heterochromatin.

scholarly journals Giemsa C-banding in Asiatic taxa of Hordeum section Stenostachys with notes on chromosome morphology

Hereditas ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
IB LINDE-LAURSEN ◽  
ROLAND BOTHMER ◽  
NIELS JACOBSEN
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
C Banding

Electrical and mechanical activity of respiratory muscles during hypercapnia

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 719-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. van Lunteren ◽  
N. S. Cherniack
Keyword(s):  
Moving Average ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Mechanical Activity ◽  
Intercostal Muscles ◽  
Co2 Rebreathing ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Muscle Shortening ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing

In nine anesthetized supine spontaneously breathing dogs, we compared moving average electromyograms (EMGs) of the costal diaphragm and the third parasternal intercostal muscles with their respective respiratory changes in length (measured by sonomicrometry). During resting O2 breathing the pattern of diaphragm and intercostal muscle inspiratory shortening paralleled the gradually incrementing pattern of their moving average EMGs. Progressive hypercapnia caused progressive increases in the amount and velocity of respiratory muscle inspiratory shortening. For both muscles there were linear relationships during the course of CO2 rebreathing between their peak moving average EMGs and total inspiratory shortening and between tidal volume and total inspiratory shortening. During single-breath airway occlusions, the electrical activity of both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles increased, but there were decreases in their tidal shortening. The extent of muscle shortening during occluded breaths was increased by hypercapnia, so that both muscles shortened more during occluded breaths under hypercapnic conditions (PCO2 up to 90 Torr) than during unoccluded breaths under normocapnic conditions. These results suggest that for the costal diaphragm and parasternal intercostal muscles there is a close relationship between their electrical and mechanical behavior during CO2 rebreathing, this relationship is substantially altered by occluding the airway for a single breath, and thoracic respiratory muscles do not contract quasi-isometrically during occluded breaths.

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