ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN THE RAT EXPOSED TO A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Baker ◽  
E. A. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Electrolyte Metabolism ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Total Body

Some aspects of electrolyte metabolism in the rat exposed to a low environmental temperature have been examined. The first day of exposure at 2 °C. was accompanied by a loss of chloride. Continued exposure to cold resulted in a retention of sodium, and to a lesser extent, of potassium. Exposure to cold for 45 days (at 2 °C.) caused a sustained elevation of concentration of sodium in the plasma, with a transient increase in potassium and no change in the chloride concentration. Prolonged exposure to cold resulted in an increased blood volume and total body water content. These observations suggest that the rats acclimatized to cold have a larger proportion of actively metabolizing tissues than do comparable animals at room temperature.

ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN THE RAT EXPOSED TO A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Baker ◽  
E. A. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Electrolyte Metabolism ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Total Body

Some aspects of electrolyte metabolism in the rat exposed to a low environmental temperature have been examined. The first day of exposure at 2 °C. was accompanied by a loss of chloride. Continued exposure to cold resulted in a retention of sodium, and to a lesser extent, of potassium. Exposure to cold for 45 days (at 2 °C.) caused a sustained elevation of concentration of sodium in the plasma, with a transient increase in potassium and no change in the chloride concentration. Prolonged exposure to cold resulted in an increased blood volume and total body water content. These observations suggest that the rats acclimatized to cold have a larger proportion of actively metabolizing tissues than do comparable animals at room temperature.

ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN THE RAT EXPOSED TO A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE. II

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Intracellular Sodium ◽  
Total Water Content ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Electrolyte Metabolism ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Superficial Muscle

Rats acclimatized to cold (2 °C) have lower subcutaneous tissue and superficial muscle temperatures than comparable animals living at 25 °C. The total water content of the skin is significantly increased after acclimatization to cold. This increase is due to an increase in the chloride space. The total water content of muscle was decreased in the rats acclimatized to cold although the chloride space (extracellular water) was increased. The intracellular sodium of muscle was decreased by exposure to cold.

ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN THE RAT EXPOSED TO A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE. II

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
D. G. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Intracellular Sodium ◽  
Total Water Content ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Electrolyte Metabolism ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Superficial Muscle

Rats acclimatized to cold (2 °C) have lower subcutaneous tissue and superficial muscle temperatures than comparable animals living at 25 °C. The total water content of the skin is significantly increased after acclimatization to cold. This increase is due to an increase in the chloride space. The total water content of muscle was decreased in the rats acclimatized to cold although the chloride space (extracellular water) was increased. The intracellular sodium of muscle was decreased by exposure to cold.

VARIATIONS IN THE VOLUME AND CONCENTRATION OF THE BLOOD OF THE SNAIL, HELIX POMATIA L., IN RELATION TO THE WATER CONTENT OF THE BODY

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1085-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Helix Pomatia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albumen Gland ◽  
Snail Helix Pomatia ◽  
Total Body

A convenient measure of the "size" of a snail is its dry weight, exclusive of shell and albumen gland, and, where calculable, its blood solutes. The specimens of Helix pomatia studied contained between 3.8 and 10.2 g of Water per gram dry weight and between 51 and 456 mg of copper per kilogram dry weight. When "copper space" was defined as the weight of blood water that would contain the amount of copper present in the body, copper spaces varied between 1.1 and 4.4 g of water per gram dry weight. Variations in copper space (approximately equal to blood volume) accounted for the greater part of the variation in total body water, though the amount of water in the tissues was also variable. The concentration of sodium in the blood varied naturally over the range 46–129 mmole/kg of water, varying proportionately with chloride. Variations in sodium concentration are largely due to variations in the volume of blood in which the sodium is dissolved, but a given change in blood volume is, in general, associated with a proportionately smaller change in sodium concentration.

Estimation of water content by tritium dilution of animals subjected to rapid live-weight changes

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. McManus ◽  
R. K. Prichard ◽  
Carolyn Baker ◽  
M. V. Petruchenia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe use of tritiated water to estimate total body-water content of animals experiencing recovery from under-nutrition was studied.The time for equilibration of tritiated water (TOH), given intraperitoneally, with total body water (TBW) was determined in rabbits and in rats. As judged by the specific activity of blood water, equilibration had occurred by 76–125 min in the rabbit and did not appear to be affected by the plane of nutrition. However, between slaughter groups the specific activity of water obtained from the liver 180 min after injection of TOH was significantly different from the specific activity of water simultaneously obtained from the blood plasma. It is concluded that the liver is not a suitable tissue to use for testing achievement of equilibration.As judged by the specific activity of blood water compared to that of water from the whole body macerate, equilibration in mature rats either in stable body condition or undergoing rapid compensatory growth occurred in less than 60 min.A trial comparing TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) and actual TBW (by desiccation) was conducted on thirty rabbits which experienced under-nutrition followed by compensatory growth.Prior to under-nutrition the agreement between actual and estimated TBW was satisfactory and within 2·3%. During compensatory growth the agreement was poor— the TOH values over-estimating actual TBW by about 12%.A trial with mature rats confirmed the findings with rabbits. For rats in stable body weight the mean estimated TOH-space for fourteen animals was within 1·2% of the actual TBW. For fourteen rats undergoing compensatory growth the mean estimated TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) overestimated actual TBW by 6·2%.

scholarly journals Rapid Weight Loss and the Body Fluid Balance and Hemoglobin Mass of Elite Amateur Boxers

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Reljic ◽  
Eike Hässler ◽  
Joachim Jost ◽  
Birgit Friedmann-Bette
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Real Life Setting ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Hemoglobin Mass

Context Dehydration is assumed to be a major adverse effect associated with rapid loss of body mass for competing in a lower weight class in combat sports. However, the effects of such weight cutting on body fluid balance in a real-life setting are unknown. Objective To examine the effects of 5% or greater loss of body mass within a few days before competition on body water, blood volume, and plasma volume in elite amateur boxers. Design Case-control study. Setting Sports medicine laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Seventeen male boxers (age = 19.2 ± 2.9 years, height = 175.1 ± 7.0 cm, mass = 65.6 ± 9.2 kg) were assigned to the weight-loss group (WLG; n = 10) or the control group (CON; n = 7). Intervention(s) The WLG reduced body mass by restricting fluid and food and inducing excessive sweat loss by adhering to individual methods. The CON participated in their usual precompetition training. Main Outcome Measure(s) During an ordinary training period (t-1), 2 days before competition (t-2), and 1 week after competition (t-3), we performed bioelectrical impedance measurements; calculated total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water; and estimated total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass), blood volume, and plasma volume by the CO-rebreathing method. Results In the WLG, the loss of body mass (5.6% ± 1.7%) led to decreases in total body water (6.0% ± 0.9%), extracellular water (12.4% ± 7.6%), tHbmass (5.3% ± 3.8%), blood volume (7.6% ± 2.1%; P < .001), and plasma volume (8.6% ± 3.9%). The intracellular water did not change (P > .05). At t-3, total body water, extracellular water, and plasma volume had returned to near baseline values, but tHbmass and blood volume still were less than baseline values (P < .05). In CON, we found no changes (P > .05). Conclusions In a real-life setting, the loss of approximately 6% body mass within 5 days induced hypohydration, which became evident by the decreases in body water and plasma volume. The reduction in tHbmass was a surprising observation that needs further investigation.

Metabolic effects of dehydration on an aquatic frog, Rana pipiens.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A Churchill ◽  
K B Storey
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Leopard Frogs ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Contents

Cellular responses to dehydration were analyzed in six organs of leopard frogs Rana pipiens. Frogs at 5 degrees C endured the loss of up to 50% of their total body water content but water contents of individual organs were strongly defended. Skeletal muscle water content was strongly affected by dehydration, dropping from 80.7% of wet mass in controls to 67.2% in frogs that had lost 50% of their total body water. However, water contents of internal organs dropped by only 3-8% of their wet masses. Water contents of all organs except skeletal muscle were fully restored by 24h of rehydration in water at 5 degrees C. Dehydration had no consistent effect on the protein content of five organs but in a sixth, the kidney, protein levels were elevated (by 60-72%) at the higher levels of dehydration and during rehydration. Dehydration led to a rapid increase in glucose concentration in the liver; compared with control values of 13 +/- 2 nmol mg-1 protein, levels were doubled by 12.2% dehydration and continued to increase to a maximum of 307 +/- 44 nmol mg-1 protein (20 mumol g-1 wet mass) in 50% dehydrated frogs. Glucose accumulation was supported by a decrease in liver glycogen content and a parallel rise in glucose 6-phosphate levels, but not in the levels of other glycolytic intermediates, confirming that glycogenolytic flux was being directed into glucose synthesis. Blood glucose levels also increased as a function of increasing dehydration, reaching values 13.8 times higher than controls, but only the kidney and brain showed a significant accumulation of glucose over the course of dehydration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals 3092 Measuring Fluid Compartments Before and After Rapid Saline Infusion

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (s1) ◽  
pp. 48-49
Author(s):  
Kevin Lawrence Kelly ◽  
Alex R. Carlson ◽  
Bradley B. Cierzan ◽  
Jennifer Isautier ◽  
Wayne L. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Rapid Infusion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To evaluate the ability of various techniques to track changes in body fluid volumes before and after a rapid infusion of saline. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Eight healthy participants (5M; 3F) completed baseline measurements of 1) total body water using ethanol dilution and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and 2) blood volume, plasma volume and red blood cell (RBC) volume using carbon monoxide rebreathe technique and I-131 albumin dilution. Subsequently, 30mL saline/kg body weight was administered intravenously over 20 minutes after which BIA and ethanol dilution were repeated. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: On average, 2.29±0.35 L saline was infused with an average increase in net fluid input-output (I/O) of 1.56±0.29 L. BIA underestimated measured I/O by −3.4±7.9%, while ethanol dilution did not demonstrate a measurable change in total body water. Carbon monoxide rebreathe differed from I-131 albumin dilution measurements of blood, plasma and RBC volumes by +0.6±2.8%, −5.4±3.6%, and +11.0±4.7%, respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: BIA is capable of tracking modest changes in total body water. Carbon monoxide rebreathe appears to be a viable alternative for the I-131 albumin dilution technique to determine blood volume. Together, these two techniques may be useful in monitoring fluid status in patients with impaired fluid regulation.

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