Three-dimensional simulation of air showers. Core structures

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S164-S174 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ogita ◽  
M. Rathgeber ◽  
S. Takagi ◽  
A. Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Density Peaks ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Fireball Model

Three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of extensive air showers were made with a model of nuclear interaction based essentially on the two-fireball model. Monte Carlo simulations were tried with primary protons of energy 106 and 2.5 × 105 GeV. Various quantities related to electrons, nuclear-active particles, and muons were obtained which enable us to get detailed information on the development of individual showers.Among various features so far simulated, those of core structures, in particular, are presented in great detail and discussed in connection with shower development. Within the framework of the fireball model the following main features were noted for the formation of multiple electron cores. The fraction of multicored events is strongly dependent on the primary energy, and decreases considerably with increasing height. These events were all initiated at high altitudes and none of them had high-density peaks with a separation of a few or more meters. High-energy nuclear particles play an important role in producing multicored events, but none of the peaks in multi-cored events were produced by a single γ ray.These features, in comparison with the experimental results, require the introduction of a large mean transverse momentum for nucleons, particularly at high energies [Formula: see text]. It seems likely that it increases with energy.

Monte Carlo studies on electromagnetic cascades in extensive air showers

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S189-S196 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Thielheim ◽  
E. K. Schlegel ◽  
R. Beiersdorf
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Fragmentation Mechanisms ◽  
Monte Carlo Studies

Three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculations have been performed on the trajectories of high-energy hadrons in extensive air showers. The central electron density and gradient of distribution are obtained for individual electromagnetic cascades together with coordinates at the level of observation. Various assumptions concerning primary mass number and energy, distributions of strong interaction parameters, and fragmentation mechanisms are discussed with respect to the production of steep maxima of electron density by single electromagnetic cascades in the core region of extensive air showers.

SIMULATION OF RADIO SIGNALS FROM 1-10 TeV AIR SHOWERS USING EGSNRC

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Engel ◽  
N. N. Kalmykov ◽  
A. A. Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Radio Emission ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Radial Dependence ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Radio Signals ◽  
The Individual

Cherenkov and geosynchrotron radiation are considered as two fundamental mechanisms of the radio emission generated by extensive air showers (EAS). The code EGSnrc is used for Monte-Carlo simulations of the individual shower development. Calculations of the radial dependence and frequency spectrum of the emitted radiation are performed for the LOPES experiment frequency range.

The Physics of Shower Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wigmans
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Dense Matter ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
Electromagnetic Showers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Shower Development

The processes that play a role in the absorption of different types of particles in dense matter are described, with emphasis on the aspects that are important for calorimetry. A distinction is made between particles that develop electromagnetic showers (electrons, photons) and particles that are subject to the strong nuclear interaction, such as pions and protons. A separate section is dedicated to muons, which are typically not fully absorbed in practical calorimeters. The energy dependence of the various processes, and the consequences for the size requirements of detectors, are discussed in detail. The practical importance and limitations of Monte Carlo simulations of the shower development process are reviewed. The chapter ends with a summary of facts deriving from the physics of shower development that are important for calorimetry.

Calculations of average characteristics of EAS components and Monte Carlo calculations of their fluctuations using different models of nuclear interactions. I. Methodology—Lateral structure and transition curve of electrons

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S147-S152 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Murthy ◽  
K. Sivaprasad ◽  
M. V. Srinivasa Rao ◽  
S. C. Tonwar ◽  
R. H. Vatcha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Transition Curve ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Shower Maximum ◽  
The One ◽  
Lateral Structure

Properties of extensive air showers are computed by two methods based on eight plausible models of ultra-high-energy interactions of nucleons and pions with air nuclei. The first method is the numerical solution of the diffusion equations describing the one-dimensional nuclear cascade, from which the average properties of nucleon-initiated showers of given energy are deduced. The second method is Monte Carlo simulation of the three-dimensional nuclear cascades from a sample of which typical shower properties and the extent of their fluctuations are estimated.1. For showers of size < 106, the deduced shower absorption lengths are consistent with experimental results only for models involving nucleon pair production.2. The accuracy of experimental results on the depth of the shower maximum at different primary energies (105–1010 GeV) available at present is insufficient to select any particular model.3. Monte Carlo size distributions for a given primary energy indicate that with the primary energy spectrum known at present, showers of a given size originate from primaries of a relatively narrow range.4. The electron lateral structure parameter, α, fluctuates considerably for showers of primary energy < 106 GeV; the spread decreases with the primary energy.5. The average value of α increases with primary energy up to 106 GeV and saturates at ~ 1.2 for showers of larger sizes.

scholarly journals Clusters Formed by Dumbbell-like One-Patch Particles Confined in Thin Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahide Sato
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Particle Interaction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Dimensionless Distance ◽  
Large Island ◽  
Cluster Shape

Abstract Performing isothermal-isochoric Monte Carlo simulations, I examine the types of clusters that dumbbell-like one–patch particles form in thin space between two parallel walls, assuming that each particle is synthesized through the merging of two particles, one non-attracting and the other attracting for which, for example, the inter-particle interaction is approximated by the DLVO model. The shape of these dumbbell-like particles is controlled by the ratio of the diameters q of the two spherical particles and by the dimensionless distance l between them. Using a modified Kern–Frenkel potential, I examine the dependence of the cluster shape on l and q. Large island-like clusters are created when q < 1. With increasing q, the clusters become chain-like. When q increases further, elongated clusters and regular polygonal clusters are created. In hte simulations, the cluster shape becomes three-dimensional with increasing l because the thickness of the thin system increases proportionally to l.

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