The Physics of Shower Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wigmans
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Dense Matter ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
Electromagnetic Showers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Shower Development

The processes that play a role in the absorption of different types of particles in dense matter are described, with emphasis on the aspects that are important for calorimetry. A distinction is made between particles that develop electromagnetic showers (electrons, photons) and particles that are subject to the strong nuclear interaction, such as pions and protons. A separate section is dedicated to muons, which are typically not fully absorbed in practical calorimeters. The energy dependence of the various processes, and the consequences for the size requirements of detectors, are discussed in detail. The practical importance and limitations of Monte Carlo simulations of the shower development process are reviewed. The chapter ends with a summary of facts deriving from the physics of shower development that are important for calorimetry.

Three-dimensional simulation of air showers. Core structures

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S164-S174 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ogita ◽  
M. Rathgeber ◽  
S. Takagi ◽  
A. Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Density Peaks ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Fireball Model

Three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of extensive air showers were made with a model of nuclear interaction based essentially on the two-fireball model. Monte Carlo simulations were tried with primary protons of energy 106 and 2.5 × 105 GeV. Various quantities related to electrons, nuclear-active particles, and muons were obtained which enable us to get detailed information on the development of individual showers.Among various features so far simulated, those of core structures, in particular, are presented in great detail and discussed in connection with shower development. Within the framework of the fireball model the following main features were noted for the formation of multiple electron cores. The fraction of multicored events is strongly dependent on the primary energy, and decreases considerably with increasing height. These events were all initiated at high altitudes and none of them had high-density peaks with a separation of a few or more meters. High-energy nuclear particles play an important role in producing multicored events, but none of the peaks in multi-cored events were produced by a single γ ray.These features, in comparison with the experimental results, require the introduction of a large mean transverse momentum for nucleons, particularly at high energies [Formula: see text]. It seems likely that it increases with energy.

Fluctuations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wigmans
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Shower Particle ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Instrumental Effects ◽  
Important Type ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Electromagnetic Component

The energy resolution, i.e. the precision with which the energy of a showering particle can be measured, is one of the most important characteristics of a calorimeter. This resolution is determined by fluctuations in the absorption and signal formation processes. In this chapter, the different types of fluctuations that may play a role are examined, and their relative practical importance is addressed. Sources of fluctuations include fluctuations in the number of signal quanta, sampling fluctuations, fluctuations in shower leakage, as well as a variety of instrumental effects. Since the energy dependence of the different types of fluctuations is not the same, different types of fluctuations may dominate the energy resolution at low and and at high energies. An important type of fluctuations is part of the non-compensation phenomena. It concerns fluctuations in the strength of the electromagnetic component of hadronic showers. The effects of these fluctuations, which typically dominate the energy resolution for hadron and jet detection, are examined in detail. In sampling calorimeters, one particular shower particle may sometimes have catastrophic effects on the calorimeter performance. Several examples of such cases are discussed.

scholarly journals Monte Carlo simulations of two-component drop growth by stochastic coalescence

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 7289-7313 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alfonso ◽  
G. B. Raga ◽  
D. Baumgardner
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Stochastic Algorithm ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Particle Charging ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Framework Species ◽  
Stochastic Coalescence ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. The evolution of two-dimensional drop distributions is simulated in this study using a Monte Carlo method.~The stochastic algorithm of Gillespie (1976) for chemical reactions in the formulation proposed by Laurenzi et al. (2002) was used to simulate the kinetic behavior of the drop population. Within this framework species are defined as droplets of specific size and aerosol composition. The performance of the algorithm was checked by comparing the numerical with the analytical solutions found by Lushnikov (1975). Very good agreement was observed between the Monte Carlo simulations and the analytical solution. Simulation results are presented for bi-variate constant and hydrodynamic kernels. The algorithm can be easily extended to incorporate various properties of clouds such as including several crystal habits, different types of soluble CCN, particle charging and drop breakup.

SIMULATION OF RADIO SIGNALS FROM 1-10 TeV AIR SHOWERS USING EGSNRC

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Engel ◽  
N. N. Kalmykov ◽  
A. A. Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Radio Emission ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Radial Dependence ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Radio Signals ◽  
The Individual

Cherenkov and geosynchrotron radiation are considered as two fundamental mechanisms of the radio emission generated by extensive air showers (EAS). The code EGSnrc is used for Monte-Carlo simulations of the individual shower development. Calculations of the radial dependence and frequency spectrum of the emitted radiation are performed for the LOPES experiment frequency range.

scholarly journals Assessment of knowledge and confidence for E-learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
Devkan Kaleci ◽  
Ergün Akleman
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Learning Objectives ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Actual Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Subject

One of the most important goals in E-learning is to guarantee that participants reach the learning objectives. We have observed that having the knowledge of the subject is not sufficient for reaching learning objectives. The participants must also develop understanding that they know the subject, which we have named confidence. In this work, we have demonstrated that it is possible to assess both knowledge and confidence using only two different types of multiple-choice test questions. We have developed 1) a method to design questions to identify both knowledge and confidence and 2) a method to estimate actual knowledge and confidence from answers. We have evaluated our method using Monte-Carlo simulations. Our simulations demonstrated that it is always possible to obtain reliable estimations for knowledge and confidence using approximately 100 multiple choice test questions in a given subject.

scholarly journals Determination of cosmic-ray primary mass on an event-by-event basis using radio detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
Washington Carvalho ◽  
Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Primary Mass ◽  
Radio Detection ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Radio Signals ◽  
Event Basis

Traditionally, the depth of maximum shower development Xmax has been used as a surrogate observable for composition. Here we present the possibility of a new methodology to discriminate between light and heavy cosmic-ray primaries on an event-by-event basis. This method is based on comparisons between detected radio signals and Monte Carlo simulations, but instead of first reconstructing Xmax, we try to infer the cosmic-ray composition directly. We show that a large discrimination efficiency could in principle be reached for zenith angles above θ≃65°, even when some of the typical uncertainties in radio detection are taken into account.

Der Einfluß der Primärmasse auf die Struktur großer Luftschauer

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 1254-1258
Author(s):  
K. O. Thielheim
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Extensive Air Shower ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Primary Mass ◽  
Shower Development

Abstract Results of Monte Carlo Simulations of Extensive Air Shower Development are discussed with respect to the influence of primary mass on shower characteristics (energy spectrum and lateral distribution of hadrons, frequency of nuclear active "multicores", mean total energy of hadrons, fluctuation of total hadron energy, mean total number of myons, fluctuation of total myon number, mean central electron density, frequency of electromagnetic "multicores"). Critical comments are presented concerning some empirical data.

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