I. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in North America in summer, 1965

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (19) ◽  
pp. 2037-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Carmichael ◽  
M. Bercovitch ◽  
J. F. Steljes ◽  
M. Magidin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
Instrumental Effects ◽  
Secular Variations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Made In

A 3-NM-64 neutron monitor and a 2-MT-64 muon monitor were operated overland at 44 sites near sea level and on mountains in Canada, the USA, and Mexico in April, May, and June, 1965, when the intensity of cosmic radiation attained its 11-year maximum. The equipment is briefly described and the original results of the measurements are listed. Some necessary corrections for instrumental effects are discussed. The corrections made to eliminate the secular variations of the cosmic radiation and the dependence upon temperature structure of the atmosphere are given in detail. This paper is the first of a set of five dealing with latitude surveys made in 1965 and 1966. Reduction of the observations to a common pressure level is carried out in the final paper of the set.

III. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in Western USA and Hawaii in summer, 1966

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (19) ◽  
pp. 2057-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Carmichael ◽  
M. A. Shea ◽  
R. W. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Measuring Equipment ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
Western Usa ◽  
Secular Variations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Different Levels

A 3-NM-64 neutron monitor and a 2-MT-64 muon monitor were operated at 29 sites near sea level and on mountains on the western seaboard of the USA and in Hawaii in May, June, and July, 1966, in continuation of the latitude survey begun in 1965 and reported in papers I and II of this set of five papers. The original results and also the corrections for temperature structure of the atmosphere and for secular variations of the cosmic radiation are given in detail. While the overland equipment was at its highest altitude on Mt. Hood (2.4 GV) and on the summits of Mt. Palomar (5.7 GV) and Mt. Haleakela (13.3 GV), an airborne neutron monitor was operated at seven different levels between 3000 m and 12 000 m. The pressure-measuring equipment and also the neutron monitor in the aircraft were calibrated in terms of the overland instruments while the aircraft was at the same altitude as the overland equipment on the summit of Mt. Haleakela.

II. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in Canada in December, 1965

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (19) ◽  
pp. 2051-2055 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Carmichael ◽  
M. Bercovitch
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Counting Rate ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Southern Boundary ◽  
Summer Survey ◽  
Made In

This, the second paper of a set of five, describes a small latitude survey, made in Canada in December, 1965, while the intensity of cosmic radiation was still within one per cent of its IQSY maximum. Flat sites at airports were used in the hope of eliminating environmental effects noted in the 1965 summer survey and particular care was taken to verify the barometric data. The objective was to improve upon the summer measurements as regards the boundary of the high-latitude plateau of the neutron-monitor intensity and it is believed that an intrinsic accuracy within 0.1% was achieved, but it was found that the NM-64 neutron-monitor counting rate was decreased about 0.5% by the presence of snow on the ground. The intensity near sea level appeared to be constant to the southern boundary of the survey at Windsor Airport (1.56 GV). The two most southerly sites, Windsor and Toronto (1.33 GV), were snow-free.

Cosmic-ray flux variation with height in the atmosphere

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S1020-S1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Chow ◽  
K. K. Wu ◽  
N. Simpson ◽  
V. D. Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Geiger Counter ◽  
Proton Flux ◽  
Atmospheric Depth ◽  
Altitude Range ◽  
Flux Variation ◽  
Star Production ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux ◽  
Made In

Analysis of emulsions exposed to cosmic radiation at atmospheric depths between 10 and 40 g/cm2 at λ = 47 °S geomagnetic on 11 December 1964 shows that there is little variation with altitude in proton flux in this altitude range. However, the total star production rate increases with increasing atmospheric depth but with a smaller slope than that measured by Geiger counter. Preliminary results obtained from exposures made in November 1965 at 8.5, 28.4, and 58 g/cm2 show that the values of proton flux at 8.5 and 58 g/cm2 are lower than that at 28.4 g/cm2. A study of the rate of production of stars at λ = 43° S and 9 g/cm2 over the period April 1962 to September 1966 shows some correlation with the ground-based neutron monitor count rate. The proton flux at the top of the atmosphere at latitude 47° S is estimated as 900 ± 100 protons/m2 sr s.

Rigidity spectra of primary cosmic radiation

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S923-S926
Author(s):  
K. Kasturirangan ◽  
N. W. Nerurkar
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
North America ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Slow Change ◽  
Primary Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Ion Chambers

The comparison of the cosmic-ray intensity measured with balloon-borne ion chambers at different atmospheric depths at stations in North America and in the U.S.S.R. for the period 1937–67 is presented. It is found that there is no difference in variations of cosmic-ray spectra in periods of increasing and decreasing solar activity in 1954–64. In 1937–40 the cosmic-ray spectra are found to be distinctly different, suggesting a slow change in the spectrum over periods greater than the 11-year cycle of solar activity.

Variation with Zenith Angle of the Integral Intensity of Muons near Sea Level

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Flint ◽  
R. B. Hicks ◽  
S. Standil
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Integral Intensity ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Muon Flux ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
A Current ◽  
Made In

The integral intensity of the cosmic ray muon flux (> 0.28 GeV/c) near sea level has been measured in the zenith angle range 75–90°. Very few other experimental measurements have been made in this range. The present results agree closely with the predictions of a current theoretical model except at very large zenith angles, where the measured intensities are somewhat higher than predicted.

scholarly journals Are tidal predictions a good guide to future extremes? – a critique of the Witness King Tides project

Ocean Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-714
Author(s):  
John Hunter
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Tide Gauge Records ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Good Guide ◽  
Using Data

Abstract. An analysis of the viability of the Witness King Tides project (hereafter called WKT) using data from the GESLA-2 database of quasi-global tide-gauge records is described. The results indicate regions of the world where a key criterion for a WKT project (that it be executed on a day of unusually high sea level) would likely be met (e.g. the west coast of the USA) and others where it would not (e.g. the east coast of North America). Recommendations are made both for assessments that should be made prior to a WKT project and also for an alternative to WKT projects.

The charge spectrum of very heavy cosmic ray nuclei

1970 ◽  
Vol 318 (1532) ◽  
pp. 1-43 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Capture ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Photographic Emulsion ◽  
Heavy Nuclei ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Charge Spectrum ◽  
Made In

Large areas of photographic emulsion have been flown on balloons, at small atmospheric depths, in order to record tracks of relativistic highly charged nuclei of the cosmic radiation. Sixty tracks due to relativistic nuclei with Z > 40 have been found and the resulting charge spectrum is presented. One nucleus with Z > 90 penetrated the detector, indicating a lower flux of extremely heavy nuclei than was suggested by the previous experiment (Fowler, Adams, Cowen & Kidd 1967). The observed structure in the charge spectrum again suggests that nuclei of the cosmic radiation have been synthesized by the process of rapid neutron capture. Detailed consideration is given to the fundamental assumptions made in the interpretation of the measurements and assignment of the charges.

Some problems in the interpretation of underground cosmic-ray data

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S318-S323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Barton ◽  
C. T. Stockel
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Ionization Loss ◽  
Muon Spectrum ◽  
Muon Pairs ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Made In

Further data from observations made in a coal-mine are reported. The 20% discrepancy between the intensity at moderate depths underground and that deduced from the sea-level muon spectrum, already indicated by other work, has been confirmed. The possibilities of modifying the spectrum or the ionization-loss expression are discussed.Observations of the angular distribution strengthen the view that the exponent is rather higher than expected. This appears to imply that the K/π ratio must be quite high for muons of a few hundred GeV.The various reports of pairs and groups of muons at different depths underground are reviewed. Regarded as a cosmic-ray component muon pairs are less strongly attenuated underground than any other phenomenon (except neutrinos). The experimental results are discussed in terms of Greisen's semiempirical expression for the intensity of muons in extensive air showers.

SEA LEVEL BUDGET ALONG THE EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Pease ◽  
◽  
James Davis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
East Coast

Social Progress in Britain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Heath ◽  
Elizabeth Garratt ◽  
Ridhi Kashyap ◽  
Yaojun Li ◽  
Lindsay Richards
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
The Road ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Free Market Reforms ◽  
Made In

Social Progress in Britain examines how much progress has made in the years since Sir William Beveridge described the ‘five giants on the road to reconstruction’—the giants of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. The book has chapters examining the progress which Britain has made in improving material prosperity and tackling poverty; in extending length of life and tackling disease; in raising participation in education and improving educational standards; in tackling the scourge of unemployment, especially youth unemployment; and in providing better-quality housing and tackling overcrowding. In addition to Beveridge’s five giants, the book also explores inequalities of opportunity (focussing on inequalities between social classes, men and women, and ethnic groups), and the changing nature of social divisions and social cohesion in Britain. Throughout, the chapters put British progress into perspective by drawing comparisons with progress made in other large developed democracies such as Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the USA. As well as looking at the average level of prosperity, life expectancy, education, and housing, the book examines the extent of inequality around the average and pays particular attention to whether the most disadvantaged sections of society have shared in progress or have fallen behind. It concludes with an assessment of the effect of policy interventions such as Margaret Thatcher’s free market reforms of the 1980s on different aspects of social progress.

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