Social Progress in Britain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Heath ◽  
Elizabeth Garratt ◽  
Ridhi Kashyap ◽  
Yaojun Li ◽  
Lindsay Richards
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
The Road ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Free Market Reforms ◽  
Made In

Social Progress in Britain examines how much progress has made in the years since Sir William Beveridge described the ‘five giants on the road to reconstruction’—the giants of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. The book has chapters examining the progress which Britain has made in improving material prosperity and tackling poverty; in extending length of life and tackling disease; in raising participation in education and improving educational standards; in tackling the scourge of unemployment, especially youth unemployment; and in providing better-quality housing and tackling overcrowding. In addition to Beveridge’s five giants, the book also explores inequalities of opportunity (focussing on inequalities between social classes, men and women, and ethnic groups), and the changing nature of social divisions and social cohesion in Britain. Throughout, the chapters put British progress into perspective by drawing comparisons with progress made in other large developed democracies such as Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the USA. As well as looking at the average level of prosperity, life expectancy, education, and housing, the book examines the extent of inequality around the average and pays particular attention to whether the most disadvantaged sections of society have shared in progress or have fallen behind. It concludes with an assessment of the effect of policy interventions such as Margaret Thatcher’s free market reforms of the 1980s on different aspects of social progress.

Beveridge’s Five Giants and Other Challenges to Social Progress

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Heath ◽  
Elisabeth Garratt ◽  
Ridhi Kashyap ◽  
Yaojun Li ◽  
Lindsay Richards
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Made In

In his landmark 1942 report on the reform of social insurance Sir William Beveridge talked about the ‘five giants on the road to reconstruction’—the giants of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. This introductory chapter sets out the aims of the book, namely to measure how much progress Britain has made in tackling these five giants in the decades since Beveridge wrote, and how Britain’s social progress compares with that of peer countries such as France and Germany. Has Britain’s increased inequality been mirrored in other domains such as health, education, and housing? Have inequalities of opportunity between social classes, men and women, and different ethnic groups increased? And what have been the implications for Britain’s sense of social cohesion?

Recent Advances in Ordinal Analysis: Π12 — CA and Related Systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rathjen
Keyword(s):  
Proof Theory ◽  
Formal System ◽  
Ordinal Analysis ◽  
The Road ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Theoretic Proof ◽  
Independence Results ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Order Arithmetic ◽  
Made In

§1. Introduction. The purpose of this paper is, in general, to report the state of the art of ordinal analysis and, in particular, the recent success in obtaining an ordinal analysis for the system of -analysis, which is the subsystem of formal second order arithmetic, Z2, with comprehension confined to -formulae. The same techniques can be used to provide ordinal analyses for theories that are reducible to iterated -comprehension, e.g., -comprehension. The details will be laid out in [28]. Ordinal-theoretic proof theory came into existence in 1936, springing forth from Gentzen's head in the course of his consistency proof of arithmetic. Gentzen fostered hopes that with sufficiently large constructive ordinals one could establish the consistency of analysis, i.e., Z2. Considerable progress has been made in proof theory since Gentzen's tragic death on August 4th, 1945, but an ordinal analysis of Z2 is still something to be sought. However, for reasons that cannot be explained here, -comprehension appears to be the main stumbling block on the road to understanding full comprehension, giving hope for an ordinal analysis of Z2 in the foreseeable future. Roughly speaking, ordinally informative proof theory attaches ordinals in a recursive representation system to proofs in a given formal system; transformations on proofs to certain canonical forms are then partially mirrored by operations on the associated ordinals. Among other things, ordinal analysis of a formal system serves to characterize its provably recursive ordinals, functions and functionals and can yield both conservation and combinatorial independence results.

Occurrence and Prevention of Changes in the Chemical Structure of Natural Rubber Tire Tread Vulcanizates during Service

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1215-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Cunneen ◽  
R. M. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Main Chain ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Before And After ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Made In

Abstract The chemical structure of the tread vulcanizate of heavy-duty tires has been investigated before and after service on the road, and after testing under conditions designed to induce tread-lift. Significant changes occurred. These included a marked reduction in the concentration of polysulfide crosslinks, and an increase in the amount of monosulfide crosslinks and main chain modification. Experiments with vulcanizates made in the laboratory indicated that the structural alterations in the tires were due to thermal anaerobic reactions caused by heat build-up, and that they resulted in a deterioration in some of the physical properties of the tread vulcanizate. The rate of desulfuration of ‘model’ polysulfides has been found to depend critically upon the nature of the vulcanization recipe. These novel findings point the way to improving the stability of vulcanizates used in the treads of tires and, consequently, tire performance.

Regulatory Obstacles on the Road to a Free Market

Natural Gas ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Laura L. Murrell
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

scholarly journals Assessing Labour Market Vulnerability among Young People

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-213
Author(s):  
Theo Sparreboom ◽  
Lubna Shahnaz
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Vulnerability Framework ◽  
Made In

Labour market performance in Pakistan has improved markedly in recent years. This paper examines the extent to which young people have benefited from this improvement, using the labour market vulnerability framework that was recently introduced by the ILO. This framework can be used to assess the difficulties young people face on the road to decent employment, and may also serve as a basis for the development of appropriate policies and interventions. Drawing on empirical evidence from various surveys, in particular the Labour Force Survey, we conclude that vulnerability among the youth has generally been reduced since 1999-2000. Vulnerability of women has been reduced through higher enrolment rates in education, and unemployment among both men and women has declined. Far less progress has been made in reducing vulnerability among the employed, and youth still face numerous obstacles that hamper the attainment of decent employment. The paper offers recommendations on the role of labour market information in reducing youth vulnerability. JEL classification: J40, J13 Keyword: Labour Market; Youth; Pakistan

The Wear of Passenger Car Tires

1958 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. O. W. Geesink ◽  
P. Prat
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Accelerated Tests ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Effective Selection ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Abstract One can thus say that in the course of tire tests, all of the experimental conditions, whether they affect more particularly the wear by test period or by wheel position, influence the wear results. Notwithstanding the complexity of these influences and of their interactions it has been possible to verify that a relation existed between the tests on special cars and those made on private cars commonly used by everyday users, and to establish a correlation between the normal road tests and accelerated tests on the track. These studies have shown the importance of the severity of the tests for the estimation of the relative value of the mixtures and it has been possible to evaluate the influence of a certain number of factors on this severity which is, in reality, the resultant of the effects of all the experimental conditions on the wear of pneumatic tires. The variations in relative wear of the mixtures as a function of the severity have led to the thought that a correlation might exist between the practical tests on the road or on the track and the experiments made in the laboratory with the aid of abrasion machines. The existence of such a correlation is very important for it will permit an effective selection of the mixtures, destined for the manufacture of treads, in the research investigations. However, one must still look for a suitable adjustment of laboratory tests in order to obtain an estimation which is directly transposable to the complex domain of the pneumatic tire. This simplification, however, will not bring about the disappearance of road tests for it will, after all, be necessary to make a few practical verifications, be it only for studying the road behavior of the experimental mixtures or their resistance to cracking. This study has been made within the framework of the research programs of the Rubber-Stichting and of the French Rubber Institute, the study being in turn a part of the entirety of the investigations pursued under the protection of the International Rubber Research Board.

Does the Surviving Palaeopathological Evidence Support the Case for a Medical Tradition in Ancient Nubia?

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 45-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenefer Cockitt
Keyword(s):  
Human Remains ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
The Road ◽  
Medical Tradition ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Medical Traditions ◽  
Made In

For over a hundred years, palaeopathologists have studied the ancient Nubian population, examining the patterns of disease and trauma evident in the surviving human remains. Despite the remarkable amount of progress made in this area, there have been few attempts to discern whether there is enough available evidence to support the existence of a defined ancient medical tradition in the country, akin to that in neighbouring Egypt. Given the lack of textual sources for prehistoric Nubia, evidence for such a tradition must be sought in the human remains themselves. Here, an assessment will be provided of the possible palaeopathological evidence for healthcare practices in ancient Nubia, focusing in particular on the artefacts from the first Archaeological Survey of Nubia. The data presented, although tentative, represent the first point on the road to greater understanding of ancient Nubian medical traditions.

Azerbaijan in transition to the “New Age of Democracy’”☆

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec Rasizade
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Free Market ◽  
New Age ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
World Nation ◽  
Oil Wealth ◽  
Free Market Reforms

After the demise of the USSR, Azerbaijan has been relegated to the category of a third world nation. The short-lived euphoria of independence has been replaced by the somber realization that the so-called “transition period” from communism to capitalism could extend well beyond most people’s lifetimes. The principal outcome of the first decade of Azeri independence is that the country has moved backward rather than forward since the beginning of “free market” reforms. In their studies and analyses of contemporary Azerbaijan, Western scholars and foreign policy establishment tend to neglect the forces of social discontent. Azerbaijan is a country of brutal and potentially explosive social divisions. For any visitor spending a few weeks in Baku, it is this contrast in lifestyles between the Aliev’s elite and ordinary Azeris that seems to be the major characteristic of Azerbaijan, contrary to the prevalent comments in Western media about the alleged Caspian oil wealth and export pipelines. The US government assumes that the abstract Azerbaijan in its energy assessments and strategic designs has reached a certain level of stability, democracy and economic sufficiency. But the process of introducing democracy into Azerbaijan may turn out to be more formidable than mere free elections. If Washington would pressure the post-Aliev government for change in the “new age of democracy”, it might run into certain intrinsic oddities, which could freeze the effort.

scholarly journals Hayek’s vicarious secularization of providential theology

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Christiaens
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
The Road ◽  
Free Market Capitalism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Semantic History ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Market Capitalism

Friedrich Hayek’s defense of neoliberal free market capitalism hinges on the distinction between economies and catallaxies. The former are orders instituted via planning, whereas the latter are spontaneous competitive orders resulting from human action without human design. I argue that this distinction is based on an incomplete semantic history of “economy.” By looking at the meaning of “ oikonomia” in medieval providential theology as explained by Giorgio Agamben and Joseph Vogl, I argue how Hayek’s science of catallactics is itself a secularization of providential theology. This exposes Hayek to three criticisms: (1) he unjustifiably neglects the possibility of tendencies toward spontaneous disorder in free markets, (2) he condemns the “losers” of neoliberal competition to being providential waste on the road to general prosperity, and (3) he imposes on people the duty to consent to a neoliberal order that hinders them from cultivating their inoperativity.

Family matters

2018 ◽  
pp. 177-212
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Parental Home ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Out Of School

This chapter studies how family legacies affect young people's strategies and decisions around finding work and moving into independent living. Where one comes from has always affected young people's job opportunities and paths out of school. These effects are becoming increasingly polarised both within and across European societies along a variety of dimensions that cannot simply be read off in terms of ethnicity, class, gender, the original nationality of one's parents, or even the society that young people from different backgrounds find themselves in. Understanding the long-term implications of these social divisions is central to knowing which kinds of policy interventions might be most effective in addressing current levels of youth unemployment. The chapter then looks at what happens to young people who leave home and/or set up their own families, and whether the recent recession has increased the risk of them returning to their parental home.

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