Effect of foliar disease on the epiphytic yeast communities of creeping bentgrass and tall fescue

The effect of mechanical wounding or foliar diseases caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa or Rhizoctonia solani on the epiphytic yeast communities on creeping bentgrass and tall fescue were determined by leaf washing and dilution plating. Total yeast communities on healthy bentgrass and tall fescue leaves ranged from 7.9 × 103 to 1.4 × 105 CFU·cm–2 and from 2.4 × 103 to 1.6 × 104 CFU·cm–2, respectively. Mechanically wounded leaves (1 of 2 trials) and leaves with disease lesions (11 of 12 trials) supported significantly larger communities of phylloplane yeasts. Total yeast communities on S. homoeocarpa infected or R. solani infected bentgrass leaves were 3.6–10.2 times and 6.2–6.4 times larger, respectively, than the communities on healthy leaves. In general, healthy and diseased bentgrass leaves supported larger yeast communities than healthy or diseased tall fescue leaves. We categorized the majority of yeasts as white-pigmented species, including Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus flavus, Pseudozyma antarctica, Pseudozyma aphidis, and Pseudozyma parantarctica. The percentage of pink yeasts in the total yeast community ranged from 2.6% to 9.9% on healthy leaves and increased to 32.0%–44.7% on S. homoeocarpa infected leaves. Pink-pigmented yeasts included Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Sakaguchia dacryoidea, and Sporidiobolus pararoseus. Foliar disease significantly affected community size and composition of epiphytic yeasts on bentgrass and tall fescue.Key words: dollar spot, phylloplane, Rhizoctonia blight.

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Variable adhesion and diurnal population patterns of epiphytic yeasts on creeping bentgrass

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w05-145 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 404-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tom W Allen ◽

Leon L Burpee ◽

James W Buck

Keyword(s):

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Field Trials ◽

Agrostis Palustris ◽

Initial Field ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Yeast Community ◽

Epiphytic Yeast ◽

Nonadherent Cells ◽

Total Yeast

Irrigation and an in vitro agitation assay were used to determine the percentage of the epiphytic yeast community (Cryptococcus, Pseudozyma, Rhodotorula, and Sporobolomyces) adhering to the phylloplane of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris (Huds.) Pers.). Colony-forming units (cfu) of total epiphytic yeast populations (adherent and nonadherent cells) and of adherent populations (cells not removed by agitation) were determined by leaf washing and dilution plating. In an in vitro assay, 40.0% and 57.1% of the yeast adhered to the leaves, whereas, in initial field trials the percentage of adherent yeasts ranged from 40.0% to 71.9% of the total population. Adherent yeast cfu on leaves in the morning were significantly lower on bentgrass (8.0 × 103to 3.1 × 104cfu·cm–2) compared with total yeast cfu (1.4 × 104to 4.7 × 104cfu·cm–2) on the nonirrigated control. No differences in yeast populations were observed between irrigated and nonirrigated plots 2 h after the 0900 treatments. Yeast populations followed a diurnal pattern, with larger cfu recovered from bentgrass leaves in the morning and significantly lower populations recovered in the afternoon. At 1400 the adherent yeast were 83.1%–100% of the total yeast population recovered from the leaves. The relative adhesiveness of the epiphytic yeast community on bentgrass leaves is dynamic with nonadherent cells making up a larger percentage of the population in the mornings than the afternoons.Key words: adherence, Cryptococcus, leaf surface, Rhodotorula, turfgrass.

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Responses of 2 epiphytic yeasts to foliar infection by Rhizoctonia solani or mechanical wounding on the phylloplane of tall fescue

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w09-072 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (10) ◽

pp. 1160-1165 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shannon Nix ◽

Leon L. Burpee ◽

James W. Buck

Keyword(s):

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Yeast Species ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽

Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽

Mechanical Wounding ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Phylloplane Yeasts

A growth-chamber experiment was conducted to determine how foliar disease or wounding affects the ability of 2 phylloplane yeasts ( Rhodotorula glutinis and Cryptococcus laurentii ) to colonize leaves of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ). Yeasts were applied separately and together onto healthy leaves, leaves infected with Rhizoctonia solani (diseased), and mechanically bruised (wounded) leaves. In all 3 trials, the leaf disturbance treatment significantly affected the abundance of yeast on the phylloplane of tall fescue. Yeast abundance on the diseased or wounded leaves was significantly greater than on the nontreated, healthy leaves. In 2 of the 3 trials, the yeast species applied also had a significant affect on yeast abundance. Typically, R. glutinis was significantly more abundant than C. laurentii when applied individually, but not significantly greater than the total yeast colony-forming units of the co-inoculated treatment. When the 2 yeasts were co-inoculated onto the leaves, R. glutinis comprised 89.7%, 75.4%, and 67.6% of the recovered yeast colony-forming units on healthy, diseased, and wounded leaves, respectfully. Our data suggest that these 2 species of yeasts will differentially colonize compromised leaf tissue with disease or wounds favoring populations of R. glutinis over C. laurentii.

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Fruit Surface Colonization and Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Pear by Preharvest Yeast Applications

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.839 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (9) ◽

pp. 839-844 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Jesse M. Benbow ◽

David Sugar

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽

Initial Population ◽

Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽

Postharvest Diseases ◽

Pear Fruit ◽

Candida Oleophila ◽

Population Sizes ◽

Fruit Surface ◽

Total Yeast

The yeasts Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatus, Cryptococcus laurentii, and Rhodotorula glutinis, applied to Bosc and d'Anjou pear fruit in the field 3 weeks prior to harvest, maintained high population levels through harvest, while populations of Candida oleophila declined after 1 and 2 weeks, and by harvest were not significantly different from total yeast populations on untreated fruit. Yeasts were sprayed individually on fruit at concentrations of 1 to 3 × 108 CFU/ml, with approximately 2 ml applied per fruit. Initial population sizes for all four species averaged 5 × 106 CFU per fruit. C. infirmo-miniatus provided the most consistent decay control in fruit treated 3 weeks before harvest. C. infirmo-miniatus and R. glutinis also provided significant postharvest decay control in Bosc fruit treated 1 day before harvest.

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Simulated controlled-release mesotrione for turfgrass tolerance and weed control

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2021.19 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-25

Author(s):

Matthew J. R. Goddard ◽

Clebson G. Gonçalves ◽

Shawn D. Askew

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Weed Control ◽

White Clover ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Standard Treatment ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Control Efficacy ◽

Stepwise Change

Abstract Mesotrione typically requires multiple applications to control emerged weeds in turfgrass. Since it is absorbed by both foliage and roots, a controlled-release (CR) formulation could eliminate the need for multiple applications. Research was conducted evaluate simulated-release scenarios that mimic a potential CR mesotrione formulation. A soluble concentrate formulation of mesotrione was titrated to produce a stepwise change in mesotrione rates, which were applied daily to mimic predetermined release scenarios over a three-wk period. CR scenarios were compared to a broadcast treatment of mesotrione at 280 g ai ha-1 applied twice at three-wk intervals, and a nontreated. Mesotrione applied in three temporal release scenarios controlled creeping bentgrass, goosegrass, nimblewill, smooth crabgrass, and white clover equivalent to the standard sprayed mesotrione treatment in every comparison. However, each CR scenario injured tall fescue 2 to 7 times more than the standard treatment. Soil- and foliar-initiated repeat treatments were equivalent in most comparisons. Data indicates that mesotrione applied in a temporal range to simulate controlled release scenarios can deliver desired weed control efficacy comparable to sequential broadcast applications. More research is needed to elucidate proper timings and release scenarios to minimize turfgrass injury.

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Effect of watered-in demethylation-inhibitor fungicide and paclobutrazol applications on foliar disease severity and turfgrass quality of creeping bentgrass putting greens

Crop Protection ◽

10.1016/j.cropro.2015.10.008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 64-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G.L. Miller

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Putting Greens ◽

Foliar Disease ◽

Turfgrass Quality ◽

Demethylation Inhibitor

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Effect of pyrimethanil on Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, and Rhodotorula glutinis biocontrol of Penicillium expansum infection in pear fruit

International Journal of Food Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 164 (2-3) ◽

pp. 155-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Chen Yu ◽

Tao Zhou ◽

Kuang Sheng ◽

Lizhen Zeng ◽

Changzhou Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽

Pear Fruit

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The effects of fungicides on the phylloplane yeast populations of creeping bentgrass

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w02-050 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 522-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

James W Buck ◽

Leon L Burpee

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Population Size ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar ◽

Agrostis Palustris ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Yeast Flora ◽

Phylloplane Yeasts ◽

Total Yeast

The effects of fungicides on population size and the development of fungicide resistance in the phylloplane yeast flora of bentgrass was investigated. In the spring of 2001, azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, flutolanil, and propiconazole were applied separately over a 6-week period to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). Total and fungicide-resistant yeast populations were assessed by dilution plating onto either potato dextrose agar or potato dextrose agar amended with the test fungicides. Total yeast populations in the fungicide- treated plots were significantly lower than the check plots on three out of four sample dates. In the fall, azoxystrobin or propiconazole were applied twice to the bentgrass over 3 weeks. Significantly larger total yeast populations were observed compared with resistant or highly resistant populations for each treatment on every sample date. Total yeast populations were significantly higher in the check plots compared with either the propiconazole- or azoxystrobin-treated plots on the first three of five sample dates. A collection of yeasts (N = 114) with no prior exposure to fungicides were more sensitive to chlorothalonil, propiconazole, flutolanil, and iprodione than a second group (N = 115) isolated from fungicide-treated turfgrass. These results suggest that fungicide resistance among phylloplane yeasts is widespread and could be an important factor in the development of biological control agents for turfgrass diseases.Key words: yeast, biological control, fungicide, resistance, phylloplane.

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Short-term temporal dynamics of yeast abundance on the tall fescue phylloplane

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w08-012 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 299-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Shannon S. Nix ◽

Leon L. Burpee ◽

Kimberly L. Jackson ◽

James W. Buck

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Early Morning ◽

Water Control ◽

Short Term ◽

Yeast Community ◽

Early Afternoon ◽

Colonization Model ◽

Phylloplane Yeasts

Six replicate trials were conducted to determine the short-term temporal dynamics and the effects of foliar applications of nutrients on the phylloplane yeast community of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). In each trial, 2% sucrose + 0.5% yeast extract solution or sterile deionized water (control) was applied to the experiment plots. Twelve hours post-treatment (at 0600 hours), leaf samples were collected and yeast colony-forming units (cfu) were enumerated by dilution plating. This process was repeated at 1200, 1800, and 2400 hours in each trial. Significant differences were observed between the number of yeast cfu and the time at which the samples were collected. On average, the number of yeast cfu recovered was significantly less at 1800 hours and significantly greatest at 2400 hours when compared with all other sampling times. Averaged over all time intervals, we observed a trend of increased yeast abundance in turf treated with the nutrient solution compared with control treatments. In a separate investigation, atmospheric yeast abundance above the canopy of tall fescue was assessed in the morning (0900) and in the afternoon (1500) using a Thermo Andersen single stage viable particle sampler. In 5 of the 6 trials of this experiment, atmospheric yeast abundance was significantly greater in the morning than in the afternoon. Results suggest the following colonization model: phylloplane yeasts on tall fescue reproduce during the late evening and early morning, stabilize during the late morning and early afternoon through exchange of immigrants and emigrants, and decline during the late afternoon and (or) early evening.

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Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Amicarbazone in Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua), Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-12-00136.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 217-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Jialin Yu ◽

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

William K. Vencill

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Poa Annua ◽

Physiological Effects ◽

Cool Season ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Annual Bluegrass

Amicarbazone controls annual bluegrass in cool-season turfgrasses but physiological effects that influence selectivity have received limited investigation. The objective of this research was to evaluate uptake, translocation, and metabolism of amicarbazone in these species. Annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and tall fescue required < 3, 56, and 35 h to reach 50% foliar absorption, respectively. At 72 h after treatment (HAT), annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass translocated 73 and 70% of root-absorbed14C to shoots, respectively, while tall fescue only distributed 55%. Annual bluegrass recovered ≈ 50% more root-absorbed14C in shoots than creeping bentgrass and tall fescue. Creeping bentgrass and tall fescue metabolism of amicarbazone was ≈ 2-fold greater than annual bluegrass from 1 to 7 d after treatment (DAT). Results suggest greater absorption, more distribution, and less metabolism of amicarbazone in annual bluegrass, compared to creeping bentgrass and tall fescue, could be attributed to selectivity of POST applications.

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