Blind trials evaluating in vitro infectivity ofCryptosporidiumoocysts using cell culture immunofluorescence

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 656-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zia Bukhari ◽  
David M. Holt ◽  
Michael W. Ware ◽  
Frank W. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Blind Trials

An optimized cell culture immunofluorescence (IFA) procedure, using the HCT-8 cell line, was evaluated in blind trials to determine the sensitivity and reproducibility of measuring the infectivity of flow-cytometry-prepared inocula of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. In separate trials, suspensions consisting of between 0% and 100% viable oocysts were prepared at the US Environmental Protection Agency, shipped to the American Water Laboratory, and analyzed blindly by cell culture IFA. Data indicated the control (100% live) oocyst suspensions yielded statistically similar results to cell culture dose–response curve data developed previously at the American Water Laboratory. For test samples containing oocyst suspensions of unknown infectivity, cell culture IFA analyses indicated a high degree of correlation (r2= 0.89; n = 26) with the values expected by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Cell culture infectivity correlates well with neonatal mouse infectivity assays, and these blind validation trials provide credibility for the cell culture IFA procedure as a cost-effective and expedient alternative to mouse infectivity assays for determining in vitro infectivity of C. parvum oocysts.

scholarly journals Benefits of Electrified Powertrains in Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Ram Vijayagopal ◽  
Aymeric Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fuel Saving ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Design Choice ◽  
The Us ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicles

The benefits of electrified powertrains for light-duty vehicles are well understood, however sufficient published information is not available on the benefits of advanced powertrains on the various types of medium and heavy duty vehicles. Quantifying the benefits of powertrain electrification will help fleet operators understand the advantages or limitations in adopting electrified powertrains in their truck fleets. Trucks vary in size and shape, as they are designed for specific applications. It is necessary to model each kind of truck separately to understand what kind of powertrain architecture will be feasible for their daily operations. This paper examines 11 types of vehicles and 5 powertrain technology choices to quantify the fuel saving potential of each design choice. This study uses the regulatory cycles proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for measuring fuel consumption.

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