Norms of reaction and adaptational value considered in a tree breeding context

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-616
Author(s):  
Hans-Rolf Gregorius ◽  
Jörg RG Kleinschmit
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Breeding Goal ◽  
Norms Of Reaction ◽  
Central Result ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Annual Growth Increment

Separability of genetic from environmental effects on target traits is a central concern of each breeding program. This requires studies of norms of reaction, i.e., responses of genotypes to environmental conditions that potentially participate in the modification of the trait. Yet, in addition to this modifying environmental condition, achievement of the breeding goal can be affected by a second component of the environment, which decides upon the adaptedness of the desired trait expressions. These adaptive environmental conditions may also vary and may be associated in various ways with the modifying conditions with the result that the desired phenotype is adaptively inferior to less desired phenotypes. Therefore, it is important to know the prerequisites under which a consistent phenotypic superiority guaranteed by separability of the genetic effects transforms into consistent adaptational superiority relations among genotypes. After having recalled the system analytic basis of adaptational processes, this problem is tackled with the help of a paradigm model in which photoperiod dynamics modifies growth conclusion in forest trees and first frost decides upon the adaptedness of the time of growth conclusion in terms of the realized annual growth increment. In this paradigm, maximization of growth increment constitutes both the breeding goal and adaptational valuation of the trait "growth conclusion" under the adaptational condition "first frost." The central result of the analysis rests on the definition of a fictitious genotype, whose time of growth conclusion equals the time of first frost, and which thus characterizes the association between modifying and adaptive conditions that guarantees maximum adaptedness. The result then states that separability of the genetic effects on growth conclusion within the set of genotypes enlarged by the fictitious genotype implies consistent adaptive ranking among genotypes. The implications for common breeding practice and its evolutionary consequences are discussed.

scholarly journals Growth Intercept Methods for Predicting Site Index in White Pine Plantations in the Glaciated Areas of Ohio

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Site Index ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Growth Intercept ◽  
Annual Growth Increment

Abstract Growth intercept (GI) techniques were evaluated for estimating site quality in white pine stands planted on old-field sites in the Wisconsin-aged glaciated areas of northern and western Ohio. Correlations between growth of trees below the breast high (bh) annual growth increment andheight growth from bh and above were not statistically significant. Site index estimates were made using age at bh and height from the bh annual growth increment to the growing tip. Three-year and 5-year growth beginning 3 years above the bh annual increment and 10-year growth beginning oneinternode above bh were significantly more correlated with height than were intercepts beginning at bh. In multiple regression equations developed for predicting site index, 3-, 5- and 10-year intercepts, along with age at bh, accounted for 76, 77, and 80%, respectively, of the variationin tree heights and 35-year site indices varied from 60 to 83 ft. Combining clay content of the B2 soil horizon with GI and age increased the variation accounted for by 3-, 5-, and 10-year GI equations to 79, 78, and 81%, respectively, and the improvement in site index estimatesover those using GIs alone was not more than ±2 ft within any given GI measurement.

scholarly journals Production and Identification of a Tetraploid Germplasm of Edible Lilium davidii var. unicolor Salisb via Chromosome Doubling

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 946-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yayan Feng ◽  
Leifeng Xu ◽  
Panpan Yang ◽  
Hua Xu ◽  
Yuwei Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Range ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Genetic Characteristic ◽  
New Germplasm ◽  
Annual Growth Increment ◽  
Lilium Davidii

Lilium davidii var. unicolor Salisb is a cultivar of Lilium (Liliaceae) with important edible and ornamental characteristic. The application and production of Lilium davidii var. unicolor Salisb were still facing large problems because of its several disadvantages such as narrow range of adaptability, small annual growth increment, and low fertility. To achieve broader environmental adaptability and obtain a more nutritious germplasm, we used colchicine and oryzalin to induce chromosome doubling via the soaking method. Tissue culture bulbs were treated with colchicine at 0.03%, 0.05%, or 0.08% for 32, 40, or 48 hours or with oryzalin at 0.002%, 0.005%, 0.008%, or 0.01% for 3, 6, 9, 12, or 24 hours before being transferred to a differentiating medium. The results showed that colchicine treatment resulted in the highest induction rate when applied at 0.05% for 48 hours, whereas oryzalin treatment produced fewer tetraploid plants. The chromosome number of induced plants with small stoma density and longer guard cells is twice than that of the diploid. The plants were identified as tetraploid. In this study, a new germplasm of Lilium davidii var. unicolor Salisb was innovative and showed novel genetic characteristic.

scholarly journals Education, Smoking, and Cohort Change: Forwarding a Multidimensional Theory of the Environmental Moderation of Genetic Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 802-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robbee Wedow ◽  
Meghan Zacher ◽  
Brooke M. Huibregtse ◽  
Kathleen Mullan Harris ◽  
Benjamin W. Domingue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Gene By Environment Interactions ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cohort Theory ◽  
The Relationship

Sociologists interested in the effects of genes on complex social outcomes claim environmental conditions structure when and how genes matter, but they have only studied environmental moderation of genetic effects on single traits at a time (gene-by-environment interactions). In this article, we propose that the social environment can also transform the genetic link between two traits. Taking the relationship between educational attainment and smoking as an exemplary case, we use genome-wide methods to examine whether genetic variants linked to education are also linked to smoking, and whether the strength of this relationship varies across birth cohorts. Results suggest that the genetic relationship between education and smoking is stronger among U.S. adults born between 1974 and 1983 than among those born between 1920 and 1959. These results are supported by replication in additional data from the United Kingdom. Environmental conditions that differ across birth cohorts may result in the bundling of genetic effects on multiple outcomes, as anticipated by classic cohort theory. We introduce genetic correlation-by-environment interaction [(rG)xE] as a sociologically-informed model that will become especially useful as data for more well-powered analyses become available.

Definition of a breeding goal for the Piemontese breed: economic and biological values and their sensitivity to production circumstances

2004 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Albera ◽  
P. Carnier ◽  
A.F. Groen
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Goal ◽  
Definition Of

Triacylglycerol biodegradation experiment in marine environmental conditions: definition of a new lipolysis index

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1465-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Goutx ◽  
Catherine Guigue ◽  
Laurent Striby
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Marine Environmental

scholarly journals What are maternal effects (and what are they not)?

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1520) ◽  
pp. 1107-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason B Wolf ◽  
Michael J Wade
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Niche Construction ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Maternal Genotype ◽  
Evolutionary Response ◽  
Offspring Genotype ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Maternal effects can play an important role in a diversity of ecological and evolutionary processes such as population dynamics, phenotypic plasticity, niche construction, life-history evolution and the evolutionary response to selection. However, although maternal effects were defined by quantitative geneticists well over half a century ago, there remains some confusion over exactly what phenomena should be characterized as maternal effects and, more importantly, why it matters and how they are defined. We suggest a definition of maternal effects as the causal influence of the maternal genotype or phenotype on the offspring phenotype. This definition differs from some definitions in that it treats maternal effects as a phenomenon, not as a statistical construct. The causal link to maternal genotype or phenotype is the critical component of this definition providing the link between maternal effects and evolutionary and ecological processes. We show why phenomena such as maternal cytoplasmic inheritance and genomic imprinting are distinct genetically from and have different evolutionary consequences than true maternal effects. We also argue that one should consider cases where the maternal effect is conditional on offspring genotype as a class of maternal effects.

Seasonal growth pattern in the lichen Pseudocyphellaria berberina in north-western Patagonia

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra S. CALDIZ
Keyword(s):  
Growth Increment ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Epiphytic Lichen ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Nothofagus Dombeyi ◽  
North Western ◽  
Annual Growth Increment

Seasonal growth increments (%) were measured in the foliose epiphytic lichen Pseudocyphellaria berberina in north-western Patagonia. Growth was determined by measuring increase in weight (expressed as percentage of the original biomass) in transplanted thalli. Transplants were either hung freely from wooden frames or attached to tree trunks in a Nothofagus dombeyi forest and then weighed every three months between January 2001 and April 2003. The influence on growth increment of treatment, donor thallus, temperature, and absolute and relative humidity was analysed. Mean annual growth increment after two years, in both treatments was 12±1·07% (±SE). Growth increment was greatest in winter and lowest in summer; the mean winter growth increment was 6±0·50%, representing half of the annual growth, whereas most of the remaining growth occurred during both spring and autumn. Growth increments were similar for freely-hanging lichens and for the transplants attached to tree trunks. Individual trees had no consistent effect on growth while the donor thallus had a significant effect in the first season which then diminished, indicating acclimation in the transplants. Initial transplant weight had no influence on final cumulative growth, nor was there any consistent correlation between one season and another in the growth of transplants. Both transplantation methods proved to be useful for experiments on the growth of P. berberina.

scholarly journals A TonB-Like Protein, SjdR, Is Involved in the Structural Definition of the Intercellular Septa in the Heterocyst-Forming Cyanobacterium Anabaena

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Schätzle ◽  
Sergio Arévalo ◽  
Enrique Flores ◽  
Enrico Schleiff
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Cyanobacterium Anabaena ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Structural Definition

Multicellularity in bacteria confers an improved adaptive capacity to environmental conditions and stresses. This includes an enhanced capability of resource utilization through a distribution of biochemical processes between constituent cells.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Evolutionary Consequences of Social Behaviours: Interactions among Individuals Affect Direct Genetic Effects

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e46273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Trubenová ◽  
Reinmar Hager
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Social Behaviours
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document