Conservation-oriented manipulations of coarse woody debris affect its value as habitat for spruce-infesting bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in northern Sweden

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Johansson ◽  
Heloise Gibb ◽  
Jacek Hilszczański ◽  
Roger B Pettersson ◽  
Joakim Hjältén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Stand Type ◽  
Window Traps

Many species of Scolytinae are pests in boreal forests, so factors that affect their abundance are of great interest to forestry. Using emergence and window traps we examined the effects of stand type and substrate characteristics on the abundance of spruce-infesting Scolytinae in northern Sweden. Several species of Scolytinae (Crypturgus subcribrosus, Hylastes cunicularius, Hylurgops palliatus, Pityogenes chalcographus, Polygraphus punctifrons) were captured in greater numbers on snags than on untreated logs. Log exposure also had a significant effect on some species, H. palliatus and Trypodendron lineatum were more abundant in window traps on artificially shaded logs than on naturally shaded or untreated logs. Significantly fewer Dryocoetes autographus, H. palliatus,Hylurgops glabratus, andH. cunicularius were captured on burned logs than on untreated logs. Stand type clearly affected several species, P. chalcographus emerged in greater numbers on clearcuts than in mature managed and old-growth stands, and D. autographus,H. glabratus, and T. lineatum showed the opposite pattern. Historical records suggest that pest outbreaks are rare in northern Sweden; however, improved knowledge of the habitat preferences of potential pest species in this region will allow us to take the necessary precautions against outbreaks, whilst leaving sufficient dead wood to support intact saproxylic assemblages.

Fine woody debris is important for species richness on logs in managed boreal spruce forests of northern Sweden

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1295-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kruys ◽  
Bengt Gunnar Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Fine Woody Debris ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Total Species

Species richness of wood-inhabiting cryptogams was compared on fine woody debris (FWD; diameter 5-9 cm) and coarse woody debris (CWD; diameter [Formula: see text]10 cm) logs of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Data were collected from managed boreal forests of northern Sweden. Species richness was higher on CWD than FWD when equal numbers of logs were compared. When equal surface areas were compared, species richness on FWD and CWD did not differ. When equal volumes of CWD and FWD were compared, FWD had more species. This was an effect of surface area and log quantity, as a certain volume of FWD was composed of more logs and had greater surface area than the same volume of CWD. We varied woody debris volume and proportion of FWD in a simulation model of species richness on logs. At low volumes of woody debris, species richness increased with the proportion of FWD. At higher log volumes, species richness increased with the proportion of CWD. In managed forests where there are small amounts of woody debris, FWD is important for the total species richness on logs and should not be neglected despite the fact that species richness is generally positively correlated with log diameter.

Effects of management on coarse woody debris volume and composition in boreal forests in northern Sweden

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heloise Gibb ◽  
John P. Ball ◽  
Therese Johansson ◽  
Ola Atlegrim ◽  
Joakim Hjältén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Northern Sweden

Diversification of tree stands as a means to manage pests and diseases in boreal forests: myth or reality?

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Koricheva ◽  
Harri Vehviläinen ◽  
Janne Riihimäki ◽  
Kai Ruohomäki ◽  
Pekka Kaitaniemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Tree Species Diversity ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Pure forest stands are widely believed to be more prone to pest outbreaks and disease epidemics than mixed stands, leading to recommendations of using stand diversification as a means of controlling forest pests and pathogens. We review the existing evidence concerning the effects of stand tree-species diversity on pests and pathogens in forests of the boreal zone. Experimental data from published studies provide no overall support for the hypothesis that diversification of tree stands can prevent pest outbreaks and disease epidemics. Although beneficial effects of tree-species diversity on stand vulnerability are observed in some cases, in terms of reductions in damage, these effects are not consistent over time and space and seem to depend more on tree-species composition than on tree-species diversity per se. In addition, while mixed stands may reduce the densities of some specialized herbivores, they may be more attractive to generalist herbivores. Given that generalist mammalian herbivores cause considerable tree mortality during the early stages of stand establishment in boreal forests, the net effect of stand diversification on stand damage is unlikely to be positive.

Disturbance history affects dead wood abundance in Newfoundland boreal forests

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 3194-3208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin T Moroni
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Almost All

Dead wood (dead standing tree (snag), woody debris (WD), buried wood, and stump) abundance was estimated in Newfoundland balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests regrown following natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Although harvesting left few snags standing, natural disturbances generated many snags. Most were still standing 2 years after natural disturbance, but almost all had fallen after 33–34 years. Snag abundance then increased in stands aged 86–109 years. Natural disturbances generated little WD 0–2 years following disturbance. Harvesting, however, immediately generated large amounts of WD. Thirty-two to forty-one years following disturbance, most harvesting slash had decomposed, but naturally disturbed sites had large amounts of WD from collapsed snags. Harvested sites contained less WD 32–72 years following disturbance than naturally disturbed sites. Amounts of WD in black spruce regrown following harvesting and fire converged 63–72 years following disturbance, despite significant initial differences in WD quantities, diameter distribution, and decay classes. Abundance of WD increased from sites regrown 32–72 years following disturbance to older sites. Precommercial thinning had a minor impact on dead wood stocks. Stumps contained minor biomass. Buried wood and WD biomass were equivalent at some sites.

A chronosequence of wood decomposition in the boreal forests of Russia

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1211-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Yatskov ◽  
Mark E Harmon ◽  
Olga N Krankina
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Specific Density ◽  
Picea Obovata ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Mean

Coarse woody debris (CWD), represented by logs and snags >10 cm in diameter and >1 m in length, was sampled at eight sites in Russian boreal forests to determine the specific density of decay classes and decomposition rates. Tree species sampled included Abies siberica Ledeb., Betula pendula Roth., Betula costata Trautv., Larix siberica Ledeb., Larix dahurica Turcz., Picea abies (L.) Karst., Picea obovata Ledeb., Picea ajanensis Fisch., Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus siberica Ledeb., Pinus sylvestris L., and Populus tremula L. The mean densities for decay clas ses 1 through 5 ranged from 0.516 to 0.084 g·cm–3, respectively. Annual decomposition rates varied among the species, and for logs, decomposition rates ranged from 4.2 to 7.8% for B. pendula, 2.6 to 4.9% for Picea spp., 2.7 to 4.4% for Pinus sylvestris, 1.5 to 3.1% for Larix spp., and 1.5 to 1.9% for Pinus koraiensis and Pinus siberica. Logs decomposed faster than snags. Among the sites examined, temperature and precipitation did not correlate with decomposition rates, which is consistent with other studies in the boreal region. Globally, a positive correlation between decomposition and mean annual temperatures was found, with decay-resistant trees less responsive than those with low decay resistance.

Site occupancy and spatial co-occurrence of boreal small mammals are favoured by late-decay woody debris

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Fauteux ◽  
Marc J. Mazerolle ◽  
Louis Imbeau ◽  
Pierre Drapeau
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Site Occupancy ◽  
Local Extinction ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Small Rodent ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Live Tree

Dwindling stocks of decaying coarse woody debris (CWD), as a result of forest management and growing interest for biofuels, may jeopardize the persistence of a broad spectrum of organisms such as small mammals. In this study, we quantified the effects of CWD in late-decay stages on the occupancy dynamics of small mammals in managed and unmanaged boreal forests. Probabilities of initial site occupancy, colonization, local extinction, and co-occurrence were modelled for five boreal small mammal species. Southern red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi Vigor) and southern bog lemmings (Synaptomys cooperi Baird) were more likely to occupy sites with high volumes of late-decay CWD early in the summer. The probability of local extinction for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner) slightly decreased with an increasing volume of late-decay CWD in harvested sites. Southern red-backed voles and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord) co-occurred more often in old, uncut forests, as well as harvested sites with high volumes of late-decay CWD. These results suggest that cover provided by late-decay CWD benefited two small rodent species during early reproduction and increased persistence of deer mice later in the summer. Finally, we found that in addition to high live-tree basal areas, high late-decay CWD volume also favours local diversity of small mammals.

Wood-inhabiting cryptogams on dead Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees in managed Swedish boreal forests

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kruys ◽  
Clas Fries ◽  
Bengt Gunnar Jonsson ◽  
Tomas Lämås ◽  
Göran Ståhl
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Red Lists ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Utilization Patterns ◽  
Specific Species

We surveyed the quantity and quality of dead Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees and wood-inhabiting cryptogams in a managed boreal forest landscape in northern Sweden. Size and decay of dead trees was related to substrate utilization by wood-inhabiting species. Coarse woody debris (CWD) was surveyed along 34 strip transects. CWD and wood-inhabiting cryptogams were surveyed in eight circular plots at each site. A total of 6195 spruce CWD units occurred along strip transects and 809 spruce CWD units in circular plots. On average 2.2 m3/ha spruce CWD was found on the plots. The majority (63%) of the transect CWD units were <10 cm diameter and in early to intermediate decay stages. Sixty-eight wood-specific species of fungi, lichens, mosses, and hepatics occurred on the plots. Of these, 13 occurred on [Formula: see text]5% of the 809 CWD units surveyed for wood-inhabiting species. Eight species occur on the Swedish red lists, indicating that such species are indeed uncommon in managed forests. Red-listed species showed strong preferences for large diameter CWD and CWD in late decay stages, i.e., substrates that are poorly represented in managed forests. Frequently occurring species, however, showed utilization patterns that correspond with the distribution of the substrate types.

The first record of a myxomycete from subantarctic Macquarie Island

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Stephenson ◽  
Rodney D. Seppelt ◽  
Gary A. Laursen
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
First Record ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Orkney Islands ◽  
Signy Island ◽  
Slime Moulds ◽  
Plasmodial Slime Moulds ◽  
The Antarctic

Myxomycetes (plasmodial slime moulds) are best known from temperate and boreal forests, where they are commonly found in association with decaying coarse woody debris and leaf litter on the forest floor (Martin & Alexopoulos 1969). There have been only a few reports of myxomycetes from either the continent of Antarctica or the subantarctic islands. In what apparently represents the first record of a myxomycete from the south polar region, Horak (1966) described a new species, Diderma antarcticolum Horak, from material collected on the Antarctic Peninsula (64°53′S, 62°53′W). Later, Ing & Smith (1980,1983) reported Didymium dubium Rost., Lamproderma arcyrioides (Sommerf.) Rost., Stemonitopsis (Comatricha) subcaespitosa (Peck) Nann.- Brem. and Diderma niveum (Rost.) Macbr. from South Georgia (54–55°S, 36–38°W). They also indicated that the latter species was known from Signy Island, South Orkney Islands (60°43′S, 45°36′W) and the Antarctic Peninsula (65°16′S, 64°08′W) as well as South Georgia.

Geographical variation, population structure and gene flow between populations of Chrysophtharta agricola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a pest of Australian eucalypt plantations

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.F. Nahrung ◽  
G.R. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
High Allelic Diversity

AbstractChrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis) is a pest of commercial eucalypt plantations in Tasmania and Victoria. Vagility of pest populations may result in difficulty predicting temporal and spatial pest outbreaks, and influence genetic resistance to chemical control. Gene flow in this pest species was estimated to assess predicability of attack, the potential efficacy of natural enemies, and the likelihood of resistance build-up. Ten geographic populations of C. agricola (six from Tasmania, one from the Australian Capital Territory, one from New South Wales and two from Victoria) were examined for genetic variation and gene flow using cellulose acetate allozyme electrophoresis. Six enzyme systems (PGI, PGD, PGM, IDH, HEX and MPI) were consistently polymorphic and scorable and were used to quantify estimated gene flow between populations. FST values and analysis of molecular variance indicated that gene flow was restricted between populations. Chrysophtharta agricola exhibited high levels of heterozygosity, probably because of high allelic diversity, and because all loci examined were polymorphic. The southern-most population was the most genetically different to other Tasmanian populations, and may also have been the most recently colonized. Limited gene flow implies that outbreaks of C. agricola should be spatially predictable and populations susceptible to control by natural enemies. Our results also imply that genetic resistance to chemical control may occur under frequent application of insecticide. However, testing population movement between plantations and native forest also needs to be conducted to assess gene flow between forest types.

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