Armillaria species distribution and site relationships in Pinus- and Tsuga-dominated forests in Massachusetts

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1477-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Brazee ◽  
Robert L. Wick
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Armillaria Species

The primary objective of this study was to determine the composition of Armillaria species in northeastern North American Pinus - and Tsuga -dominated forests. This was accomplished by sampling 32 plots at eight sites within pitch pine ( Pinus rigida Mill.), eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.), eastern white pine – mixed oak, and eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) forests. In total, 320 isolates were collected from 19 host tree species, with 207 of 320 (65%) of all isolations coming from Pinus and Tsuga. Armillaria solidipes Peck was the most abundant species, making up 188 of 320 (59%) of all isolations, which included 39 isolations from hardwoods. Meanwhile, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. was collected a total of 27 times from eastern white and pitch pine. These two Armillaria species co-occurred at five of the eight sites sampled. Chi-square analyses showed that incidence of Armillaria species were significantly different by forest type. Pitch pine forests had a higher incidence of A. solidipes (p < 0.001), eastern white pine forests had a higher incidence of A. mellea (p = 0.001), and eastern hemlock forests had a higher incidence of Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn. (p = 0.002) compared with expected values. The distribution of A. solidipes varied significantly by soil drainage and soil type, with a higher incidence on excessively drained (p < 0.001) and loamy sand (p < 0.001) soils.

scholarly journals Eastern white pine and eastern hemlock growth: possible tradeoffs in response of canopy trees to climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Stern ◽  
Paul Schaberg ◽  
Shelly A Rayback ◽  
Paula F. Murakami ◽  
Christopher Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Canopy Trees ◽  
Pollutant Deposition ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Spring Temperatures ◽  
Over Time

A warming climate and extended growing season may confer competitive advantages to temperate conifers that can photosynthesize across seasons. Whether this potential translates into increased growth is unclear, as is whether pollution could constrain growth. We examined two temperate conifers - eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) - and analyzed associations between growth (476 trees in 23 plots) and numerous factors, including climate and pollutant deposition variables. Both species exhibited increasing growth over time and eastern white pine showed greater maximum growth. Higher spring temperatures were associated with greater growth for both species, as were higher autumnal temperatures for eastern hemlock. Negative correlations were observed with previous year (eastern hemlock) and current year (eastern white pine) summer temperatures. Spring and summer moisture availability were positively correlated with growth for eastern white pine throughout its chronology, whereas for hemlock, correlations with moisture shifted from being significant with current year’s growth to previous year’s growth over time. The growth of these temperate conifers might benefit from higher spring (both species) and fall (eastern hemlock) temperatures, though this could be offset by reductions in growth associated with hotter, drier summers.

Do deer and shrubs override canopy gap size effects on growth and survival of yellow birch, northern red oak, eastern white pine, and eastern hemlock seedlings?

2012 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 134-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel C. Kern ◽  
Peter B. Reich ◽  
Rebecca A. Montgomery ◽  
Terry F. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Size Effects ◽  
Canopy Gap ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Gap Size ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Growth And Survival

Volume distribution of eastern white pine in Canada

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Forest Region

The distribution of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is described using Canada's Forest Inventory to map volume levels of the species and to tabulate its occurrence by Forest Region and forest type. White pine grows under a wide variety of conditions, with most volume occurring in mixedwood forest. The highest concentrations are in SE Ontario, SW Quebec, and the Maritime provinces. Key words: Forest inventory, Canada, white pine, tree volume, species distribution

scholarly journals Influence of Ten Ground Cover Systems on Growth and Market Value of Eastern Hemlock and Eastern White Pine

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
W.A. Skroch ◽  
J.M. Shribbs ◽  
R.E. Bir ◽  
J.E. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Straw Mulch

Growth, mineral nutrient content, and market value of young eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) and eastern white pine (Pine strobus L.) were evaluated using 10 ground cover treatments over a 4 to 5 year growing cycle. Hemlocks were taller and had greater market value when managed with straw mulch, bare ground, and cultivation than with tall broadleaf complex, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), or ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Hemlocks grown with blackberry (Rubus spp.), short broadleaf complex, nimblewill (Mulenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel.), or Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) ground covers were intermediate. Mulched white pine had greater height, stem diameter, branches per node, and market value compared to trees in tall fescue. Higher P and K concentrations in needles were associated with poor growth. Straw mulch, short broadleaves and nimblewill have the potential for replacing Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass and tall fescue in conifer planting systems.

scholarly journals Presettlement forest in southern Ontario: Ecosystems measured through a cultural prism

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Suffling ◽  
Michael Evans ◽  
Ajith Perera
Keyword(s):  
Historical Ecology ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Pinus Spp

To better manage southern Ontario's natural forests, the former and present status of old growth must be understood. We hypothesize that old-growth pine (Pinus spp.), although dominant elsewhere, was less common in southern Ontario than popular history suggests: we are obliged to evaluate historical information that has been filtered both by the original compilers and through our own biases. Beginning around 600 AD, the predominant beech (Fagus americana) forest was partially replaced by maple (primarily Acer saccharum), oaks (Quercus spp.) and eastern white pine (P. strobus). This pine increase either followed abandonment of pre-Columbian agriculture or, more plausibly, accompanied climate cooling. Eighteenth and 19th century European settlers encountered abundant large trees, which they hewed for square pine timber, milled timber, and tanbark. Other stands were cut and burned for agricultural clearance, with a potash by-product. Until recently, Ontario research emphasized the old-growth pine stands of central and northern Ontario to the relative exclusion of other kinds of old forest because very few southern Ontario old-growth stands remained to study. Ontario forest resource inventory data (FRI) show stands of over 150 years totalling only 1475 ha in 1978, concentrated on the Oak Ridges Moraine, the St. Lawrence Valley and the Awenda Peninsula. Red (P. resinosa) and eastern white pine stands constituted only 5.3% of the 1978 forested area, with virtually none of over 150 years, whereas eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) stands constituted 12.8%. The difficulty in finding modern old growth necessitates historical reconstruction using physical, written and graphical resources, including early survey records and trade statistics. In a case study of 1822 survey data from Darling Township (Lanark Co.) and 1960 FRI, vegetation was classified using TWINSPAN and mapped using ARC/INFO Thiessen polygons. In 1822, dominant hemlock occupied half the township but it has since been eliminated as a dominant. Conversely, there were no pine-dominated forests in 1822, but these had increased to 16% of the area by 1960. A second case used similar methods, with 1855 data for St. Edmunds and Lindsay townships (Bruce Co.) and 1981 FRI. Although logging halved the area and reduced the stature of pines in the large pinery, the elimination of dominant hemlock (originally 41% by area) is more significant. Fragmentary square timber trade data suggest that at least half the large pines in Bruce County were in St. Edmunds, so pine must have been spectacularly concentrated in a few areas. The third case, a map constructed from Gourlay's 1817–1819 survey, also demonstrates that pine-dominated areas were in the minority in southern Ontario, concentrated on sandy soils around Lakes Ontario and Erie. However, big hemlocks, beeches, maples and oaks were much more common overall. Management responses to this information should include designation of older southern Ontario forest stands (especially those never cleared since settlement) for maturation into an old-growth state, and the systematic restoration of eastern hemlock and beech stands for conservation purposes in southern Ontario. Key words: old-growth forest, Canada, Ontario, historical ecology, forest history

scholarly journals Pre-logging Treatment of Invasive Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill.) Promotes Regeneration of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.)

Forests ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Lee ◽  
Stephen Eisenhaure ◽  
Ian Gaudreau
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Frangula Alnus ◽  
Glossy Buckthorn
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