Estimating root disease losses in northern Rocky Mountain national forests

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 652-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. James ◽  
C. A. Stewart ◽  
R. E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
National Forests ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Commercial Forest

Root disease losses were estimated on more than 3 million hectares of commercial forest land within seven national forests in the northern Rocky Mountains. Area estimates were made for root disease centers on all seven forests and scattered tree mortality on three forests. Tree mortality rate and associated volume loss were estimated for two forests. Approximately 31 600 ha (about 1% of the total commercial forest land) were occupied by large active disease centers discernable from large-scale aerial photographs on these forests. About 13% of the commercial forest land of three forests contained scattered root disease mortality of at least 3 trees/ha. About 35% of the annual tree mortality was associated with root diseases on two forests. Major root pathogens found were Armillariamellea and Phellinusweirii; bark beetles often infested root-diseased trees. Recommendations for improvement of survey techniques are discussed.

A system using aerial photography to estimate area of root disease centers in forests

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E. Williams ◽  
C. D. Leaphart
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Coeur D'alene ◽  
Commercial Forest ◽  
Northern Idaho

The area of root disease centers on the Coeur d'Alene National Forest in northern Idaho was effectively estimated from large-scale color infrared aerial photographs. An estimated 5.1% (12 160.7 ha) of the commercial forest land was occupied by infection centers. Root disease centers were identified in 113 of 364 stands actually surveyed. Although most of these 113 stands were of the Tsugaheterophylla – Pachistimamyrsinites habitat type, the highest percentage of stands with root disease was found in the Abiesgrandis – Pachistimamyrsinites habitat type.Observations made during these studies suggest that occurrence of Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Abiesgrandis (Dougl.) Lindl., or both in a stand is the most important factor in the expression of root disease centers. Accuracy of interpretation of photographs was 92%; incorrect interpretations were consistently associated with stands in the Abieslasiocarpa series of habitat types or with stands stocked with conifers tolerant of root pathogens.

scholarly journals A brief history of wood use and forest management in Alaska

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tricia L. Wurtz ◽  
Anthony F. Gasbarro
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Interest ◽  
National Forests ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gold Miners ◽  
Commercial Forest

The Native peoples of Alaska used wood for fuel, for the construction of shelters, and for a variety of implements. Explorers, fur traders, gold miners, and settlers also relied on Alaska's forest resource. The early 20th century saw the creation of the Tongass and Chugach National Forests in coastal Alaska, where large-scale harvesting began shortly after World War II. By 1955, two 50-year contracts had been signed, committing 13 billion board feet of sawlogs and pulpwood. The commercial forest land base in Alaska has been dramatically reduced by a variety of legislative acts, including the Statehood Act of 1959 and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. Key words: forest history, Alaska, aboriginal use of forests, fuelwood, stemwheeled riverboats, gold mining, land classification, National Forests, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act

scholarly journals Bark beetle outbreak enhances biodiversity and foraging habitat of native bees in alpine landscapes of the southern Rocky Mountains

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Seth Davis ◽  
Paul R. Rhoades ◽  
Andrew J. Mann ◽  
Terry Griswold
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Forest Structure ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Foraging Habitat ◽  
Pollinator Community ◽  
Large Scale Disturbance

Abstract Landscape-scale bark beetle outbreaks alter forest structure with direct and indirect effects on plants and animals in forest ecosystems. Using alpine spruce forest and a native bee community as a study system, we tested how tree mortality from bark beetles impacts bee foraging habitats and populations. Bees were collected across the growing season (early-, middle-, and late-season) for two years using passive trapping methods, and collections were used to analyze patterns in species abundances and diversity. Three important findings emerged: (1) forest stands that were post-outbreak had 62% higher floral density and 68% more floral species during peak bloom, respectively, than non-affected stands; (2) bee captures were highest early-season (June) and were not strongly affected by bark beetle outbreak; however, mean number of bee species and Shannon–Weiner diversity were significantly higher in post-outbreak stands and this effect was pronounced early in the growing season. Corresponding analysis of β-diversity indicated higher accumulation of bee biodiversity in post-outbreak stands and a turnover in the ratio of Bombus: Osmia; (3) bee captures were linked to variation in foraging habitat, but number of bee species and diversity were more strongly predicted by forest structure. Our results provide evidence of increased alpine bee biodiversity in post-outbreak stands and increased availability of floral resources. We conclude that large-scale disturbance from bark beetle outbreaks may drive shifts in pollinator community composition through cascading effects on floral resources, mediated via mortality of overstory trees.

Detection of root disease in coastal Douglas-fir stands using large scale 70-mm aerial photography

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Wallis ◽  
Y. J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Adequate Information ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Mature Stands

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands 15, 40, and 100 years of age containing root disease openings of various sizes were photographed using 70-mm Aerochrome color and color-infrared film at scales of 1:1 500 to 1:15 000. Success in detecting disease centers varied with scale relative to stand age and disease symptomatology. Scales of 1:6 000 provided adequate information for young stands 15–20 years of age whereas scales of up to 1:15 000 proved satisfactory for locating most centers in 100-year-old stands. The large variation in symptomatology among stands in the midage class made accurate assessment of disease occurrence difficult at all scales used. Measurement of area within most disease centers in a stand using aerial photographs is probably feasible only in mature stands. Color photographs were superior to color-infrared for detecting early foliage discoloration; the reverse was true when characterization of ground features and downed trees was desired.

The probability of root disease on the Lolo National Forest, Montana

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 987-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Byler ◽  
Michael A. Marsden ◽  
Susan K. Hagle
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Type ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Fire Control ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Type Series ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Selective Harvest ◽  
Commercial Forest

Root disease killed trees in 33% of 579 stands on the Lolo National Forest, Montana. Of all the commercial forest land, 123 255 ha, or 18.8%, was diseased; 1.2% was in nonstocked patches. The statistical method CART (classification and regression trees) was used to construct a decision tree to place stands into one of four classes, based on the probability that the stands contained trees that were killed by root disease. High probabilities of root disease were found for stands in the western hemlock and grand fir habitat type series (0.59) and in other habitat types on moderate slopes with southerly aspects (0.48). Low probabilities of disease were found on non-hemlock and non grand fir types on northerly aspects (0.15) and southerly aspects that were on either flat or very rugged terrain (0.17). Both Phellinusweirii (Murr.) Gilb. and Armillaria sp., probably A. ostoyae (Romagna) Herick, were frequently associated with mortality in hemlock, grand fir, and cedar habitat type series. Only A. ostoyae was common on Douglas-fir and subalpine fir habitat type series, however. Selective harvest and fire control in these two classes may contribute to the extensive root disease mortality found in Lolo National Forest at present.

scholarly journals Landscape-Scale Drivers of Resistance and Resilience to Bark Beetles: A Conceptual Susceptibility Model

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Marcella A. Windmuller-Campione ◽  
Justin DeRose ◽  
James N. Long
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Interior West

Bark beetle (Dendroctonus spp.) outbreaks in the middle latitudes of western North America cause large amounts of tree mortality, outstripping wildfire by an order of magnitude. While temperatures play an important, and direct role in the population dynamics of ectothermic bark beetles, an equally important influence is the nature of the host substrate—the structure and composition of forested communities. For many of the dominant tree species in the western United States, “hazard” indices have been developed for specific bark beetles, which generally include three key variables—host tree size, absolute or relative density of the stand, and percentage of host composition. We provide a conceptual model to apply these three variables across forest ecosystems and bark beetles that shifts the thinking from a species–specific model to a model which focuses on the underlying ecological factors related to bark beetle outbreak susceptibility. We explored the use of our model across multiple scales using the Forest Inventory and Analysis database: Interior West, USA; the states of Colorado and Arizona; and specific national forests within Arizona that are implementing a large-scale restoration effort. We demonstrated that across the Interior West and Colorado, the vast majority of forests have moderate to high susceptibility to bark beetles. Our conceptual model maintains the simplicity of previous “hazard” models but acknowledges the need to consider scale when managing bark beetles. It also shifts the management approach from resistance thinking to the development of “associational resilience”, where the focus is not on any one individual stand or area but the longer-term perspective of forest persistence across the landscape.

Assessing spruce budworm damage with small-format aerial photographs

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack McCarthy ◽  
Charles E. Olson Jr. ◽  
John A. Witter
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Silvicultural Management ◽  
Ground Survey ◽  
Damage Condition ◽  
Ground Damage

Methods of evaluating forest damage are designed to provide information for detection, control, and preventative management. In this study the use of small-format aerial photographs to assess spruce budworm, Choristoneurafumiferana (Clemens), damage was evaluated. A procedure was developed to identify spruce–fir stand vulnerability and establish inventory data for silvicultural management considerations. Large-scale (1:4800) 35-mm color positives of eight spruce–fir stands were obtained in July and August 1979. Defoliation intensity and tree mortality of host species were the parameters used to assess damage severity. Individual stands were assigned separate damage rating values based on aerial and ground survey evaluations of defoliation and mortality. Comparison of aerial and ground damage severity ratings was accomplished with a contingency table. Results show photointerpretation of forest damage condition matched ground inspection in seven of eight stands surveyed.

scholarly journals Temperature sensitivity of drought-induced tree mortality portends increased regional die-off under global-change-type drought

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (17) ◽  
pp. 7063-7066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry D. Adams ◽  
Maite Guardiola-Claramonte ◽  
Greg A. Barron-Gafford ◽  
Juan Camilo Villegas ◽  
David D. Breshears ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Carbon Starvation ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Vegetation Shifts

Large-scale biogeographical shifts in vegetation are predicted in response to the altered precipitation and temperature regimes associated with global climate change. Vegetation shifts have profound ecological impacts and are an important climate-ecosystem feedback through their alteration of carbon, water, and energy exchanges of the land surface. Of particular concern is the potential for warmer temperatures to compound the effects of increasingly severe droughts by triggering widespread vegetation shifts via woody plant mortality. The sensitivity of tree mortality to temperature is dependent on which of 2 non-mutually-exclusive mechanisms predominates—temperature-sensitive carbon starvation in response to a period of protracted water stress or temperature-insensitive sudden hydraulic failure under extreme water stress (cavitation). Here we show that experimentally induced warmer temperatures (≈4 °C) shortened the time to drought-induced mortality in Pinus edulis (piñon shortened pine) trees by nearly a third, with temperature-dependent differences in cumulative respiration costs implicating carbon starvation as the primary mechanism of mortality. Extrapolating this temperature effect to the historic frequency of water deficit in the southwestern United States predicts a 5-fold increase in the frequency of regional-scale tree die-off events for this species due to temperature alone. Projected increases in drought frequency due to changes in precipitation and increases in stress from biotic agents (e.g., bark beetles) would further exacerbate mortality. Our results demonstrate the mechanism by which warmer temperatures have exacerbated recent regional die-off events and background mortality rates. Because of pervasive projected increases in temperature, our results portend widespread increases in the extent and frequency of vegetation die-off.

scholarly journals How to interpret tree mortality on large-scale color aerial photographs /

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C. Croft ◽  
David A. Hamilton ◽  
Robert Chester Heller ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Aerial Photographs

Lophodermella concolor. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Needle Cast ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
High Precipitation

Abstract A description is provided for Lophodermella concolor. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pinus banksiana, Pinus contorta, Pinus contorta var. murrayana. DISEASES: needle cast of pines. Lophodermella concolor is a strong pathogen with a 1-year life cycle (12, 254). New needles are infected in June and July, and turn reddish-brown about nine months later, becoming somewhat greyish brown when the ascomata start to appear in May. Infected needles are dwarfed and appear tufted. Infection is more or less even on young crowns, but on older trees the lower crown is most heavily infected, with often only the current year's needles remaining. Needle-cast occurs 12-14 months after initial infection at, or slightly before maturation of the ascomata. The disease leads often to almost entire defoliation, which may result in shoot and branch death (12, 254; Mielke, 1956). Where tree mortality due to L. concolor occurs, it is most likely to be in highly susceptible, low-vigour or stressed trees in overstocked stands (Williams, 1976). Root diseases and bark beetles may be contributory factors. Severe infection occurs in areas where fog or mist are common, and high precipitation probably increases disease incidence (Mielke, 1956). Resistant trees, which come from among the tallest and most vigourous, have been selected for inclusion in a P. contorta improvement programme, but results of any further work on resistance have not yet been reported. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Saskatchewan), USA (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Wyoming, Utah). TRANSMISSION: by airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.

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