Devising a method for improving the efficiency of artillery shooting based on the Markov model

This paper reports a method for improving the firing efficiency of an artillery unit that results in enhanced effectiveness. Given the modern use of artillery for counter-battery warfare, the effectiveness of shooting is not enough assessed by accuracy only. It is also necessary to take into consideration and minimize the time spent by the unit in the firing position and the consumption of shells to hit the target. It has been shown that in order to assess the effectiveness of an artillery shot due to the initial velocity of the projectile, the most rapid and simple means is to classify the quality of the shot by the acoustic field. A procedure for categorizing the shot has been improved by applying an automatic classifier with training based on a machine of support vectors with the least squares. It is established that the error in the classification of the effectiveness of the second shot does not exceed 0.05. The concept of the effectiveness of a single artillery shot was introduced. Under the conditions of intense shooting, there may be accidental disturbances in each shot due to the wear of the charging chamber of the gun, its barrel, and incomplete information about the powder charge. When firing involves disturbances, the firing of an artillery unit can be described by a model of a discrete Markov chain. Based on the Markov model, a method for improving the efficiency of artillery fire has been devised. The method is based on the identification of guns that produce ineffective shots. The fire control phase of the unit has been introduced. In the process of controlling the fire of the unit, such guns are excluded from further firing. A generalized criterion for the effectiveness of artillery firing of a unit, based on the convolution of criteria, has been introduced. It is shown that the devised method significantly improves the effectiveness of shooting according to the generalized criterion.

Air Quality in the Harbin-Changchun Metropolitan Area in Northeast China: Unique Episodes and New Trends

Because of the unique geographical, climate, and anthropogenic emission characteristics, it is meaningful to explore the air pollution in the Harbin-Changchun (HC) metropolitan area. In this study, the Air Quality Index (AQI) and the corresponding major pollutant were investigated for the HC cities, based on the air quality data derived from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center. The number of days with the air quality level of “good” gradually increased during recent years, pointing to an improvement of the air quality in HC. It was also found that ozone, a typical secondary pollutant, exhibited stronger inter-city correlations compared to typical primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. In addition, for nearly all the HC cities, the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreased substantially in 2020 compared to 2015. However, this was not the case for ozone, with the most significant increase of ozone observed for HC’s central city, Harbin. This study highlights the importance of ozone reduction for further improving HC’s air quality, and the importance of agricultural fire control for eliminating heavily-polluted and even off-the-charts PM2.5 episodes.

Application of the method of analysis of hierarchies to assess the software of complexes of automation means

The article analyzes the current state of the methods for assessing the software of complexes of automation of fire control of artillery systems supplied to the artillery units of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The actual problem of verification and certification of the developed samples of special software of such complexes is determined, which consists in the absence of established assessment procedures, a large subjective component in the existing methods for assessing software, the inconsistency of their norms in accordance with state and international standards. In the proposed conceptual model for assessing the quality of software, new metrics have been defined that will characterize special software that ensures the functioning of complexes of fire control automation systems for artillery subunits when they perform fire engagement tasks and which reflects the peculiarity of the use of artillery systems. To assess the proposed new metrics, the elements of their assessment and the mathematical apparatus for carrying out calculations are determined and substantiated. To determine the magnitude of the influence of indicators on the overall quality of software, a new approach is proposed, which consists in applying the method of analyzing hierarchies when determining the priority of indicators of elements, metrics, criteria and factors at each level of the hierarchy. The use of multicriteria analysis of the hierarchy analysis method ensures that the subjectivity of experts is avoided when assessing the quality of special software, it makes it possible to identify bottlenecks in the developed tactical and technical requirements for the software of the indicated complexes of automation tools for artillery systems and takes into account the mutual influence of indicators on the overall quality. A certain improved methodology, which more fully covers the software assessment process, will in the future be the basis for creating a quality assurance system for software of automation systems and forming a tool for their certification.

On the issue of organizational problems of state fire supervision in connection with the entering into force of the federal law on state control (supervision) and municipal control in the Russian Federation

Introduction. Due to the updating of the legislative framework, the possibility of introducing the so-called "seamless" interdepartmental processes in the field of fire control and supervision is considered. The paper shows how insufficiently well-regulated actions of departments can become a factor that reduces the efficiency of work in this area and hinders its development. The importance of Federal Law No. 248-FZ of July 31, 2020 "On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation" was noted. At the same time, significant difficulties of its practical application are recognized. With references to the sources, it is shown that, addressing this problem, scientists demonstrate either a global, enlarged approach, or, conversely, study particular cases within the borders of one region, in relation to a specific group of objects of fire control and supervision. The relevance of the presented work lies in the fact that the authors offer an adequate solution to universal organizational problems. Problem Statement. The starting point in solving the tasks of this scientific work is the study of the text of Federal Law No. 248-FZ of July 31, 2020 "On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation". From the point of view of law enforcement practice, the authors had to evaluate innovations in the activities of the state fire supervision bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, identify weaknesses if possible, make arguments in favor of organizational and, in particular, communication processes, identify ways to solve the problems. Theoretical Part. The new document is considered as an element of the evolutionary process of state policy in the field of monitoring the compliance with mandatory requirements, including in the field of fire safety. The main imbalances that can potentially reduce the efficiency of the relevant departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations have been identified. Thus, the Regulation on Fire Safety provides for the collection, clarification and annual updating of accounting information about the objects of supervision. At the same time, only the names of procedures are given in the document. There is no scheme of actions that links the object of supervision with such features of the subject (official) as: knowledge, experience, workload, Internet skills, computer or digital technology, technical and organizational availability of information resources. According to the statistics, the urgent need for appropriate adequate solutions is dictated by objective reasons. Constructive and relatively easy-to-implement measures to overcome the identified imbalances are indicated. Conclusions. The results of scientific work presented in this article demonstrate the direction of further improvement of the professional activities of specialists in fire control and supervision, as well as the department as a whole. The results of the research suggest that at the present stage in Russia (and, in particular, in the Rostov region) the information base is sufficient to improve departmental processes. Two factors should be recognized as the main weaknesses of the system. This is clearly insufficient digitalization of departments and the lack of high-quality communications between departments of various levels and profiles.

Experimental Validation of the Mean Pitch Theory

There are several types of exterior ballistic models used to calculate projectile’s flight trajectories. The most complex 6 degree of freedom rigid body model has many disadvantages to using it to create firing tables or rapid calculations in fire control systems. Some of ballistic phenomena can be simplified by empirical equations without significant loss of accuracy. This approach allowed to create standard NATO ballistic model for spin stabilized projectiles named Modified Point of Mass Model (PM Model). For fin (aerodynamically) stabilized projectiles like mortar projectiles simple Point of Mass Model is commonly used. The PM Model excludes many flight phenomena in calculations. In this paper authors show the mean pitch theory as an approximation of the natural fin stabilised projectile pitch during flight. The theory allows for simple improvement of accuracy of the trajectories calculation. In order to validate the theory data obtained from shooting of supersonic mortar projectiles were used. The comparison of accuracy between simple PM Model and PM Model including mean pitch theory were shown. Results were also compared with the angle of response theory.

Historical study of peat protection policy to prevent forest and land fires in Indonesia (1990-2020)

This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s peat ecosystem protection policy in handling forest and land fires (karhutla). The qualitative research method employs a historical approach relating to the policies of the Republic of Indonesia’s government, including general policies and implementation policies. The limitation of the research is for three decades, namely 1990-2020. The primary data was collected through interviews, and the secondary data was collected through library research techniques and online data retrieval. The study’s findings show that, although forest and land fires have been occurring for a long time, specific protection regulations only began in the early 1990s. Following that, there was a shift in policy orientation from utilization to sustainable development. Indicators of achievement of policy implementation are seen through the area of burned land and the number of fire hotspots. It decreased in the last half-decade or post-karhutla in 2015 after going through policy corrections and actions, which changed the working paradigm of forest and land fire control from extinguishing prevention.

Application and Design of Intelligent Building Automation Control System

Intelligent building is a safe, comfortable, efficient, energy-saving, convenient and flexible modern building designed and built by organically combining high-tech and architectural art. Building automation control system is an important part of intelligent building, which realizes its own development through the development platform of intelligent building. It can improve the quality of building entities and supporting equipment and the quality of building environment in intelligent building to varying degrees. The building automation system in the intelligent building takes the humanized interface as the emphasis, and takes the combination of mechanical and electrical system, fire control system, access control system and parking management system as the method to create a convenient and comfortable living and working environment for building users. This paper mainly studies the building automation control system of intelligent building, and then describes the content of the building automation control system in intelligent building, and at the same time, carries out in-depth research on related issues, hoping to provide reference for researchers in this field.

Research on Intelligent Fire Risk Perception System of High-rise Building Based on Big Data of Internet of Things

Due to the characteristics of high-rise buildings, such as dense personnel, complex structure and many combustibles, fire safety problems are more prominent. Aiming at the fire problem of high-rise buildings, based on the Internet of Things and big data technology, the intelligent fire risk perception system of high-rise buildings is studied. Through the functional modules of fire water monitoring system, intelligent electricity monitoring system and fire automatic alarm system, the hydraulic and water level of fire water, the current and voltage values of key nodes such as distribution cabinets, and the on-duty personnel in fire control room are mastered in real time, so as to grasp the specific location of fire in time and accurately, so as to realize the intelligent control of fire safety of high-rise buildings.