Comparison of isozyme variation among natural stands and plantations: jack pine and black spruce

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 902-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Allelic Heterogeneity ◽  
Nonrandom Mating ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Seed Zone ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Mating Conditions ◽  
Seed Collections

Isozymes from needles of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana) and black spruce (Piceamariana) were analysed to test differences among young stands, mature stands, plantations from seed-zone seed collections, a plus-tree clonal seed orchard, and a progeny plantation from the seed orchard. Analyses based on approximately 100 trees per population resolved seven polymorphic loci for jack pine and five for black spruce. For intraspecies comparisons, allelic heterogeneity tests indicated no differences between young stands and plantations from seed-zone seed collections. The black spruce clonal seed orchard and mature natural stands were genetically homogeneous. Allelic heterogeneity test and discriminant analysis indicated that the progeny plantation from the clonal seed orchard differed from other black spruce samples. It is proposed that nonrandom mating conditions in the clonal seed orchard altered allele frequencies of the resultant progeny plantation.

Genetic improvement of sugar maple for high sap sugar content. II. Relative effectiveness of maternal and biparental selection

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard B. Kriebel
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Nonrandom Mating ◽  
Maple Syrup ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard

Sap sugar data taken in four progeny plantations of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) were analyzed to evaluate breeding methods for high sap sugar concentration. Two of the plantations included progeny from open pollination of mass-selected trees, one included progeny from a clonal seed orchard, and one included progeny from a breeding experiment. The plantations differed in proportions of maternal selection and biparental selection employed. Maternal selection was ineffective as a means of achieving gain for high sugar bush productivity, whereas biparental selection was clearly effective. Gain in rogued progeny plantations from maternal selection was no greater than would be expected from roguing progenies of unselected parents. Low female parent – offspring correlations were attributed to nonrandom mating resulting from insect pollination, rather than low heritability. The use of lower testing "standard" trees in mass selection favors low or mediocre performance of progenies, because of the probability that standards will contribute to the progeny gene pool. Biparental selection was effective through (i) open intercrossing of high-performing seed orchard clones and (ii) controlled pollination of selected superior trees. Seed orchard progeny could be selected by age 13 years and subsequently rogued to final sugar bush spacing. Long-term data support a prediction that the mature sugar bush will average about 4.5% sap sugar concentration. One gallon (1 gal = 3.79 L) of maple syrup of that concentration requires 18.4 gal of sap, compared with an average of 43 gal required from Ohio sugar bushes. The gain from biparental selection and intensive roguing of progeny is estimated to be about 40% greater than similar roguing of plantations from unselected or maternally selected parents.

Comparing growth patterns of jack pine and black spruce in mixed natural stands and plantations

Ecoscience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave M. Morris ◽  
Douglas E. B. Reid ◽  
Martin Kwiaton ◽  
Shelley L. Hunt ◽  
Andrew M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Natural Stands

scholarly journals Fertility Variation, Genetic Relatedness, and Their Impacts on Gene Diversity of Seeds From a Seed Orchard of Pinus thunbergii

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kang ◽  
D. Lindgren ◽  
T. J. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Pinus Thunbergii ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Fertility Variation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Census Number ◽  
Natural Stands

AbstractClonal differences in the number of male and female strobili were determined for five consecutive years in a clonal seed orchard of Pinus thunbergii in Korea. The effects of relatedness and clonal differences in reproductive development on gene diversity of seed (in terms of accumulated relatedness by status number) were estimated. While clonal differences were found, fertility variation was not large through all studied years. The orchard clones were divided into different regions and locations based on the geographical distribution and distance of natural stands that plus trees were selected from. Assuming that there was no relatedness among regions, locations and clones, the status number (Ns) was varied from 47.6 to 55.5 for five successive years. On average (pooling), Nswas 92% of census number (N). Assumed relatedness among regions, locations and/or clones decreased the status number. Effect of parental selection on relatedness and orchard management was also discussed.

scholarly journals Early Realized Gains for Two-cycle Selection for Black Spruce and Their Implications for Testing Effort Allocation

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 178-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. H. Weng
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Seedling Seed Orchard ◽  
Silvicultural Practice ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Realized Genetic Gains

AbstractDeployment of improved black spruce (Picea mariana(Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlots in New Brunswick (NB) is a standard silvicultural practice. Most plantations have been established using elite-stand seedlots in the 1980s, first-generation seedling seed orchard seedlots in the 1990s and thereafter second-generation clonal seed orchard seedlots. A large-plot realized gain test was established at six sites in NB to provide estimates of actual gains from planting these improved seedlots. The test compared four improved seedlots, representing seedlots collecting from an elite stand, a first-generation seed orchard, two second-generation orchards and a mix of eight elite full-sib families identified in second-generation testing populations, with one unimproved checklot. This paper presents height measurements taken on trees at age 5. Results indicate that realized genetic gains from two-cycle selection and breeding are reasonably high and, in general, the more improved the seedlot, the higher the gain. Planting the elite-stand or the first-generation orchard seedlot would produce a gain of about 10% (relative to the checklot) in 5-yr height and an additional 5.8% gain could be obtained from planting the second-generation orchard seedlot. Even higher gain could be obtained via the deployment of the elite full-sib families, which was estimated to be about 8.6% more than the deployment of the second-generation orchard seedlot. While the realized gain varied with site, the ranking of gain achieved for the different seedlots was similar between sites. The above information was further used to optimize testing efforts for realized gain tests. To detect a typical gain of 5 to 10% at a significance level of 0.05 with a predetermined power of 0.80, each test should include 5 to 10 blocks per site (the number of sites is fixed at 4) or 4 to 6 sites (the number of blocks per site is fixed at 6) paired with planting 36 to 49 trees per plot. These approximate numbers of sites and blocks per site should be modified, depending on the interactions of seedlot with site and with block within site.

Variation in the PGI/AAT linkage group between populations of black spruce

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 756-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Barrett ◽  
W. M. Cheliak ◽  
P. H. Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Group ◽  
Linkage Analysis ◽  
Recombination Frequency ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Tight Association

Linkage analysis, using megagametophytes from a clonal seed orchard of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) detected a tight association between Pgi-2 and Aat-1 with a recombination frequency of 2.6%. This is in marked contrast to earlier estimates for this species, which were much greater. The present results suggest that black spruce may be comparable with numerous other conifer species demonstrating this particular, highly conserved association.

scholarly journals Influence of Manganese on Growth of Jack Pine and Black Spruce Seedlings

1968 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Morrison ◽  
K. A. Armson
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Chamber Experiment ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Ppm Level ◽  
Mn Concentrations

Analyses of foliage from natural stands of jack pine and black spruce confirmed earlier observations that levels of Mn were much higher in foliage of black spruce than in that of jack pine. Levels of Fe in jack pine foliage were greater than in black spruce.In a growth chamber experiment with spruce and pine seedlings and Mn supplied at 0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ppm, both species grew best at the 0.1 ppm level and there was no evidence of difference in tolerance to high Mn levels. In this experiment, no marked species difference in foliar Mn concentrations was observed like that existing in natural stands. Possible reasons for this lack of difference are discussed.

Vegetative phenology in a clonal seed orchard of Piceaglauca and Piceamariana in northwestern Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor O'Reilly ◽  
William H. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Growth Cessation ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Qualitative Index ◽  
Vegetative Phenology

The vegetative phenology of Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss and P. mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. was determined in 1979 based on four ramets selected from each of 14 clones of each species located at a seed orchard in northern Ontario. The time of flushing of the leaders and four lateral branches was determined by a qualitative index of bud and shoot development; time of growth cessation was scored as the date at which 95% of shoot growth was complete. The flushing of the vegetative buds of white spruce lasted for a 10-day period compared with only 6 days for black spruce. Although the average date of flushing for white spruce clones was 9 days ahead of the average date for black spruce clones, the latest white spruce clone flushed only 3 days before the earliest black spruce clones. As well, degree-day requirements for flushing were significantly different for clones within each of the two species. These results suggest that the selection of late-flushing white spruce trees for seed orchard stock has the potential to decrease spring frost damage in this species in northern Ontario. Date of budbreak was not correlated with date of growth cessation for either white or black spruce; however, early-flushing clones of black spruce produced significantly greater leader extension than late-flushing clones.

Aboveground Dry Matter of Jack Pine, Black Spruce, White Spruce and Balsam Fir Trees at Two Localities in Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Alemdag
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Whole Tree

Standard equations for aboveground ovendry mass of jack pine, black spruce, white spruce, and balsam fir were developed for the components and for the whole tree of single stems grown in natural stands in Ontario. The relationships between the component and the stem wood ovendry masses and those between the ovendry and the green masses were determined. Distribution of ovendry mass within the stem wood of merchantable trees was established. Wood densities were calculated, and comparisons of stem wood ovendry mass were made between the equations developed here and those found in other reports.

The mating system in a black spruce clonal seed orchard

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Barrett ◽  
P. Knowles ◽  
W. M. Cheliak
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Isozyme Markers ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Mating Population

Isozyme markers were used to study the mating system, estimate the effective population size, and determine the effective gene pool composition in a black spruce clonal seed orchard. Ten seeds per family were electrophoretically analyzed by embryo and megagametophytic pairs to determine their allelic and genotypic frequencies at five polymorphic loci. Single-locus estimates of outcrossing ranged from 0.682 to 1.087 (mean, 0.942), while the multilocus estimate was 0.837. The variance effective population size was calculated to be 17 individuals, comprising 13 receptive females and 4 effective males. Evidence of gene pool heterogeneity suggested a small, nonrandomly mating population within the clonal seed orchard.

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