Genetic improvement of sugar maple for high sap sugar content. II. Relative effectiveness of maternal and biparental selection

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard B. Kriebel
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Nonrandom Mating ◽  
Maple Syrup ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard

Sap sugar data taken in four progeny plantations of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) were analyzed to evaluate breeding methods for high sap sugar concentration. Two of the plantations included progeny from open pollination of mass-selected trees, one included progeny from a clonal seed orchard, and one included progeny from a breeding experiment. The plantations differed in proportions of maternal selection and biparental selection employed. Maternal selection was ineffective as a means of achieving gain for high sugar bush productivity, whereas biparental selection was clearly effective. Gain in rogued progeny plantations from maternal selection was no greater than would be expected from roguing progenies of unselected parents. Low female parent – offspring correlations were attributed to nonrandom mating resulting from insect pollination, rather than low heritability. The use of lower testing "standard" trees in mass selection favors low or mediocre performance of progenies, because of the probability that standards will contribute to the progeny gene pool. Biparental selection was effective through (i) open intercrossing of high-performing seed orchard clones and (ii) controlled pollination of selected superior trees. Seed orchard progeny could be selected by age 13 years and subsequently rogued to final sugar bush spacing. Long-term data support a prediction that the mature sugar bush will average about 4.5% sap sugar concentration. One gallon (1 gal = 3.79 L) of maple syrup of that concentration requires 18.4 gal of sap, compared with an average of 43 gal required from Ohio sugar bushes. The gain from biparental selection and intensive roguing of progeny is estimated to be about 40% greater than similar roguing of plantations from unselected or maternally selected parents.

Genetic improvement of sugar maple for high sap sugar content. I. Clone selection and seed orchard development

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 917-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard B. Kriebel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Clonal Variance ◽  
Final Spacing ◽  
Female Flowers

A grafted seed orchard of Acersaccharum Marsh, was established in Ohio in 1957 as part of a program of genetic improvement of sugar yield. During the 3rd decade, the orchard trees averaged 4.2% sap sugar. Although environmental sources of variance in sugar concentration were large, clonal differences were evident and generally consistent over the years; the clone × year interaction was negligible. Sap sugar concentration varied from year to year, but after an increase coinciding with early crown development in the 1st decade, there was no upward or downward trend with age. Inclusion of one seedling family in the orchard made it possible to obtain an approximation of within-family variance by comparison with within-clone variance. It was estimated to be about one-third of total family variance. The clone–family comparison also suggested that about 11% of total clonal variance was a rootstock effect. Sap tests over 3 years in a plantation of seed-orchard offspring showed that an initial thinning to an average 6.3 × 6.3 m spacing would leave trees with an average 4% sap sugar concentration. At final spacing the concentration would be higher. Only a few clones in the orchard produced medium or heavy crops of male or female flowers prior to age 27, but those from which seed was collected in early years averaged at least 4% sap sugar. All clones and the seedling family flowered by age 27.

Comparison of isozyme variation among natural stands and plantations: jack pine and black spruce

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 902-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Allelic Heterogeneity ◽  
Nonrandom Mating ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Seed Zone ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Mating Conditions ◽  
Seed Collections

Isozymes from needles of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana) and black spruce (Piceamariana) were analysed to test differences among young stands, mature stands, plantations from seed-zone seed collections, a plus-tree clonal seed orchard, and a progeny plantation from the seed orchard. Analyses based on approximately 100 trees per population resolved seven polymorphic loci for jack pine and five for black spruce. For intraspecies comparisons, allelic heterogeneity tests indicated no differences between young stands and plantations from seed-zone seed collections. The black spruce clonal seed orchard and mature natural stands were genetically homogeneous. Allelic heterogeneity test and discriminant analysis indicated that the progeny plantation from the clonal seed orchard differed from other black spruce samples. It is proposed that nonrandom mating conditions in the clonal seed orchard altered allele frequencies of the resultant progeny plantation.

scholarly journals Analysis of Growth and Physiological Variations Among Cyclocarya Species of Different Genotypes in a Clonal Seed Orchard

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Feng ◽  
Xiaofeng Li ◽  
Junpo Huang ◽  
Guangxin Lin ◽  
Xinyu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Physiological Variations

Abstract Background: Cyclocarya paliurus (C. paliurus) is a woody species that has many medical benefits to human health. Geographical species has been formed among different natural forests of C. paliurus, but gradually decrease or extinct by human’s excessively exploitation in recent years. So, it is worthy to conserve this native and valuable species in China. Environmental factors affected plant growth, and seed is the only way for breeding offspring among Cyclocarya species, herein, we assess plant growth of six genotypes (FJ, JX, TG, WF, JH, AJ) from 2017 to 2019 year and physiological variations from April to October in 2018 during the construction of a clonal seed orchard.Results: The survival rate of plant reached 100% in a C. paliurus seed orchard. Plant height and basal diameter varied in different genotypes. Plant of six genotypes had different changes in water content and total soluble sugar content from April to October, Ca content reached maximum among the four detected mineral content, four kinds of antioxidant enzyme activity was in order of SOD＞PPO＞POD＞CAT, and the highest content of phytochemical was total flavonoid. Plant growth and physiological changes during growth period was significantly correlated with environment factors by correlation analysis. Conclusions: Plants of ex situ conservation adapted changeable environmental factors by physiological changes and showed the differentiation of plant growth in a clonal seed orchard. This would provide a foundation for ex situ conservation management in Cyclocarya species and selection of suitable cultivation provenance.

scholarly journals Variability in Growth, Physiological, and Biochemical Characteristics among Various Clones ofDalbergia sissooin a Clonal Seed Orchard

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Sharma ◽  
Meena Bakshi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Biochemical Constituents ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Physiological Variability

Growth and physiological variability among clones ofDalbergia sissoogrowing in a CSO revealed maximum height and GBH in Gonda clones (C196 and C198) and minimum growth attributes in Rajasthan clones. All biochemical constituents except sugar were also maximum in Gonda clones. Maximum chl. a, total chl., and chlorofluorescence (CF) were recorded in C235 and C123 while chl. b was maximum in C198. Among tested clones, sugar content was maximum in C60 (Chhachhrauli) while C198 (Gonda) revealed maximum protein content. Heritability estimates of 8 characters at 99% revealed strong genetic control of total chls., sugars, proteins, and chl. b; however, maximum genetic gains of 117% and 80% were recorded for sugar and protein content, respectively. Correlation matrix revealed a positive correlation between height and GBH and CF. Among biochemical constituents, chl. a, and chl. b, chl. b, and total chl. were correlated significantly at 0.1% level. Regarding contribution of different parameters to variability, height and GBH were the greatest contributors. Clustering of clones on the basis of all three parameters separated clones in one major and six minor clusters. Average distance from centroid was found to be 22.61 whereas the maximum distance from centroid was 50.75.

scholarly journals Maple syrup from Manitoba maple (Acer negundo L.) on the Canadian prairies

1997 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kort ◽  
Patricia Michiels
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Maple Syrup ◽  
Acer Negundo ◽  
Commercial Scale

Manitoba maple (Acer negundo L.), which occurs naturally throughout Saskatchewan and Manitoba and has been planted extensively in prairie shelterbelts, is now beginning to be used to produce maple syrup on a small commercial scale. The product is a light-coloured syrup which has been judged to have a distinctly pleasant flavour. The product is presently sold locally with an emphasis on its distinctiveness of flavour and its origin on the prairies. Studies completed at Indian Head, Saskatchewan show that sap sugar content is slightly less than that of the sugar maple and that its sap flow volume is considerably lower. A three year mean sap yield of 9.8 L per tap resulted in a syrup yield of 0.23 L per tap. This is about one quarter to one half of that in a sugar maple. Key words: Maple syrup, Manitoba maple, prairie shelterbelts

scholarly journals Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters for Growth Traits in a Clonal Seed Orchard of Pinus kesiya in Malawi

ISRN Forestry ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Missanjo ◽  
Gift Kamanga-Thole ◽  
Vidah Manda
Keyword(s):  
Growth Traits ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Pinus Kesiya ◽  
Individual Tree Model ◽  
The Individual

Genetic and phenotypic parameters for height, diameter at breast height (dbh), and volume were estimated for Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon clonal seed orchard in Malawi using an ASReml program, fitting an individual tree model. The data were from 88 clones assessed at 18, 23, 30, 35, and 40 years of age. Heritability estimates for height, dbh, and volume were moderate to high ranging from 0.19 to 0.54, from 0.14 to 0.53, and from 0.20 to 0.59, respectively, suggesting a strong genetic control of the traits at the individual level, among families, and within families. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between the growth traits were significantly high and ranged from 0.69 to 0.97 and from 0.60 to 0.95, respectively. This suggests the possibility of indirect selection in trait with direct selection in another trait. The predicted genetic gains showed that the optimal rotational age of the Pinus kesiya clonal seed orchard is 30 years; therefore, it is recommended to establish a new Pinus kesiya clonal seed orchard. However, selective harvest of clones with high breeding values in the old seed orchard should be considered so that the best parents in the old orchard can continue to contribute until the new orchard is well established.

Paternity analysis with microsatellites in a Danish Abies nordmanniana clonal seed orchard reveals dysfunctions

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1054-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
O K Hansen ◽  
E D Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Variance ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Paternity Analysis ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Abies Nordmanniana ◽  
The Status

A paternity analysis using five microsatellite markers was conducted in a Danish clonal seed orchard with 13 Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach clones. The purpose was to investigate potential seed-orchard dysfunctions, with special emphasis on nonequal pollen contributions and selfing. Male paternity was found for 232 seedlings germinated from seeds collected on three ramets, each of eight clones, and the relative contribution of each clone to the gene pool of male gametes was calculated. Furthermore, 49 ramets were genotyped to check for erroneous grafting. The effect of an unbalanced male contribution was quantified by means of two measures: (1) the status number (NS), which reflects buildup of coancestry in the seed-orchard crop as a result of a low number of clones and an unequal male contribution, and (2) the asymptotic variance effective population number (Ne(v)). The contributions by pollen donors from the 13 clones were highly skewed. Three clones were fathers to more than 75% of the progenies, while making up only 24% of the ramets in the seed orchard. Four clones sired no progenies at all. The unequal contribution on the male side corresponded to NS = 4.2 and Ne(v) = 5.8. Some selfing was observed, which may give rise to concern if clonal seed orchards with few clones are established. The estimated maximum pollen contamination from outside the seed orchard was 4.3%. No grafting–labelling errors were identified.

scholarly journals Flower mites decrease nectar availability in the rain-forest bromeliad Neoregelia johannis

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeu J. Guerra ◽  
Gustavo Q. Romero ◽  
Woodruff W. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Nectar Volume ◽  
Bombus Morio ◽  
Nectar Rewards ◽  
Flower Mites ◽  
Nectar Availability

Abstract:Nectarivorous flower mites can reduce the volume of nectar available to pollinators. The effects of the flower mite Proctolaelaps sp. on nectar availability in flowers of a melittophilous bromeliad Neoregelia johannis (Bromeliaceae) was evaluated in a coastal rain forest in south-eastern Brazil. In a randomized block experiment utilizing 18 flower pairs, one per bromeliad ramet, pollinators (Bombus morio) and mites were excluded, and then nectar volume, sugar concentration and sugar mass were quantified over the anthesis period. Mites significantly reduced nectar volume early in the morning (6h00–8h00), but not later (10h00–12h00). Mites decreased total volume of nectar available up to 22%. Sugar concentration in nectar was higher earlier in the morning, and decreased between 10h00–12h00. The pronounced consumption of nectar by mites during the period of higher sugar concentration reduced the total amount of sugar available to pollinators by 31%. This is the first study showing that flower mites decrease nectar rewards in a melittophilous plant. Because nectar volume by itself incompletely describes nectar production rates and the effects of nectar removal by flower mites on the availability of sugar, our study highlights the inclusion of sugar content in future studies assessing the effects of thieves on nectar production rates.

Sap yields, sugar content, and soluble carbohydrates of saps and syrups of some Canadian birch and maple species

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. C. Jones ◽  
I. Alli
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Maple Sap

During the spring of 1984 and 1985, white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh), sweet birch (B. lenta L), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britt.) were tapped to determine sap yields and syrup characteristics. These properties were compared with sap yields and syrup produced from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh) and red maple (A. rubrum L). The sap flow seasons were as follows: white birch, 23 days (April 7–29, 1984) and 29 days (April 5 – May 3, 1985); sweet birch, 26 days (1984); yellow birch, 25 days (1985). The sap flow season for the maple species was much earlier than the birch species. Maple sap flow seasons were as follows: sugar maple, 16 days (March 28 – April 12, 1984) and 45 days (March 10 – April 23, 1985); red maple, 44 days (March 11 – April 23, 1985). Sap yields were as follows: white birch, 80.5 L in 1984 (1.0% sap) 51.0 L in 1985 (1.0% sap); sweet birch, 48.0 L in 1984 (0.5% sap); yellow birch, 28.4 L in 1985 (0.5% sap); red maple, 30.6 L in 1985 (2.3% sap); sugar maple, 53.5 L in 1985 (4.5% sap). Sap analyses showed the average total carbohydrate content of all birch saps and all maple saps was 9.2 and 24.5 g/L, respectively. The average sugar contents of the syrups from the birch saps and the maple saps were 302 and 711 g/L, respectively. The average pH of birch and maple saps were similar but the average pH of the syrups obtained from the birch saps was substantially lower than that of the syrups obtained from the maple saps.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF TEAK MISTLETOE SPECIES AND BASIC INFORMATION OF UTILIZATION AS MEDICINAL PLANT

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. S61-S63
Author(s):  
Zainal Muttaqin ◽  
Sri Wilarso Budi R ◽  
Basuki Wasis ◽  
Iskandar Z Siregar ◽  
Corryanti .
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Forest Product ◽  
Hemiparasitic Plants ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
High Control ◽  
Attack Intensity

Mistletoe is hemiparasitic plants (macroparasite) on seasonal and annual plants include trees, however, mistletoes are also beneficial as key species that fill in the ecological niche, and a potential to non-wood forest product such as medicinal plants as one of them. The objectives of this research are to identify species of teak mistletoes at Padangan Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO) in Perum Perhutani and to aim its posibilities as medicinal plant. The inventory methods on species of teak mistletoes was carried out in compartements/blocks of teak clones that are designated as Observation Sample Plots (OSPs/PCP) of the attack intensity from low, medium, high, control; and four units Observation Measurement Plots (OMPs/PUP) on each OSPs/PCP. Continously, it was analized by comparing the same species of mistletoes on other host trees as reference which was efficacious to be used as medicinal plant. Three species of mistletoes parasitizing teak clone stands were identified as Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. of family of Loranthaceae which is also attacking other host trees, Macrosolen tetragonus (Blume) Miq. of family of Loranthaceae too, Viscum articulatum Burm. F. of family of Santalacea/Viscaceae that is hyperparasite on two other mistletoes. The comparison with the same teak mistletoe but on different host trees shows that including D. pentandra and V. articulatum have the potential for hypertension treatment. D. pentandra is used too for medicine to cure ilness, wounds, fester and recovery from parturition. Known that chemical content this mistletoe comprise of flavonoid ingrident, fenolat acid (terulat acid, para hidroksi benzoate acid, kumarat acid, protokatekuat acid and vanilat acid. As for the utilization of M. tetragonus hasn’t been discovered up to this moment.Key words: mistletoe, identification, teak clone, non-wood forest product, medicinal plant

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