Root systems of older immature hemlock, cedar, and Douglas-fir

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1348-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eis
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Organic Horizon ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Absorbing Roots

Root systems of eight western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), eight western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn.), and six Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees, average age about 50 years, average dbh 26.3 cm, were hydraulically excavated. The sizes and shapes of the root systems are given and the root systems and roots are described. Fresh and dry weights of roots of all vegetation averaged 36 and 14 t/ha and were similar for all three species. Fine absorbing roots were distributed mainly in the organic horizon and immediately below it, i.e., in the top 10 or 15 cm of the soil; their turnover appears rapid. Their ovendry weight averaged 210 g/m2 and their length averaged 4 km/m2.

Root System Morphology of Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, and Douglas-fir

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Absorbing Roots

Root systems of nine western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), nine western red cedar, (Thujaplicata (Donn), and six Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees were hydraulically excavated in the Cowichan Lake area on Vancouver Island. All three species were similar in depth of root penetration, presence of oblique laterals and sinkers, concentration of rope-like, higher-order laterals, and fine absorbing roots below the organic–mineral interphase, on top of the hardpan and in pockets of organic or fine mineral material. Dominants had proportionally larger and more symmetrical root systems than trees of lower canopies; asymmetry generally increased with increasing stoniness and decreasing soil depth. All three species showed a somewhat greater root development on the downhill side, but exceptions were frequent. Douglas-fir had a larger root spread, roots of larger diameters and smaller taper, and proportionally greater root weight than cedar or hemlock. The density of thin, rope-like roots and absorbing roots was highest on cedar and lowest on Douglas-fir. Hemlock roots followed old decaying roots more frequently than cedar or fir, but root channels were equally used by all species.

Patterns of log decay in old-growth Douglas-fir forests

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1585-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Sollins ◽  
Steven P. Cline ◽  
Thomas Verhoeven ◽  
Donald Sachs ◽  
Gody Spycher
Keyword(s):  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Total N ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar

Fallen boles (logs) of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn) in old-growth stands of the Cascade Range of western Oregon and Washington were compared with regard to their physical structure, chemistry, and levels of microbial activity. Western hemlock and western red cedar logs disappeared faster than Douglas-fir logs, although decay rate constants based on density change alone were 0.010/year for Douglas-fir, 0.016/year for western hemlock, and 0.009/year for western red cedar. We were unable to locate hemlock or red cedar logs older than 100 years on the ground, but found Douglas-fir logs that had persisted up to nearly 200 years. Wood density decreased to about 0.15 g/cm3 after 60–80 years on the ground, depending on species, then remained nearly constant. Moisture content of logs increased during the first 80 years on the ground, then remained roughly constant at about 250% (dry-weight basis) in summer and at 350% in winter. After logs had lain on the ground for about 80 years, amounts of N, P, and Mg per unit volume exceeded the amount present initially. Amounts of Ca, K, and Na remained fairly constant throughout the 200-year time span that was studied (100-year time span for Na). N:P ratios converged toward 20, irrespective of tree species or wood tissue type. C:N ratios dropped to about 100 in the most decayed logs; net N was mineralized during anaerobic incubation of most samples with a C:N ratio below 250. The ratio of mineralized N to total N increased with advancing decay. Asymbiotic bacteria in fallen logs fixed about 1 kg N ha−1 year−1, a substantial amount relative to system N input from precipitation and dry deposition (2–3 kg ha−1 year−1).

Root Grafts and their Silvicultural Implications

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eis
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Slow Recovery ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Root Grafts

Many trees in stands of Douglas fir, western hemlock and western red cedar on Vancouver Island were joined by functional grafts. In a partially cut stand, 45% of the stumps showed evidence of continued growth and half of these (23%) were still growing vigorously more than 22 years after logging. On experimentally detopped trees, growth extended several meters up the bole. Dominant trees usually supported the growth of the root system and lower boles of grafted suppressed trees.Translocation through grafts may partially explain the frequent stagnation and slow recovery of stands after thinning from above, and may be involved in the usually rapid increase of growth after thinning from below. It is probably a contributing factor in establishing dominance and determining mortality in overtopped trees. In species that graft freely, the use of silvicides in spacing and thinning treatments should be restricted to young stands before grafts are established.

THE INITIATION AND SPREAD OF PORIA WEIRII ROOT ROT OF DOUGLAS FIR

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Wallis ◽  
G. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Considerable Resistance ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Living Tissues

Root rot caused by Poria weirii Murr. occurred when healthy roots of Douglas fir came into contact with inoculum in infected roots of the previous stand. Mycelium grew ectotrophically on the bark of the Douglas fir roots, frequently well in advance of growth in the wood, and penetrated to living tissues directly through sound as well as injured bark. Spread of the disease to adjacent trees took place where healthy and diseased roots were in contact, the mycelium apparently spreading to only a very limited extent through natural soil. It was shown that mycelium could invade roots of trees felled for at least 12 months and Douglas fir heartwood that had been buried in soil for at least 12 months. Viable Poria mycelium was isolated from infected roots as small as 2 cm in diameter 11 years after the trees had been cut. While Douglas fir and western hemlock appeared to be quite susceptible to infection, western red cedar, red alder, and bigleaf maple showed considerable resistance.

Changes in organic components for fallen logs in old-growth Douglas-fir forests monitored by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1382-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Preston ◽  
Phillip Sollins ◽  
Brian G. Sayer
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Magic Angle ◽  
Organic Components ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterize heartwood from decaying fallen boles of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn). The sample decay classes I to V had been previously assigned based on field observations. Solid-state 13C CPMAS NMR spectra were analyzed to determine the proportion of C of the following chemical types: carbohydrate, lignin, aliphatic, and the sum of carboxyl plus carbonyl. For both Douglas-fir and western hemlock, the proportion of carbohydrate C increased slightly in the early stages of decay. This was followed by a substantial increase in lignin C, while carbohydrate C declined to about 10% of total C. By contrast, the spectra for western red cedar generally showed little change with increasing decay class. One exceptional sample of western red cedar class IV was highly decomposed, indicating complete loss of carbohydrate C, and some loss of lignin side-chain C. For all three species, signals from alkyl and carbonyl C were weak, but tended to increase slightly with decomposition, most likely because of the selective preservation of waxes and resins (alkyl C), and oxidation. Accumulation of chitin was not observed, and there was little evidence for lignin decomposition or for formation of humic polymers. 13C CPMAS NMR offers a simple and information-rich alternative to wet chemical analyses to monitor changes in organic components during decomposition of woody litter.

Growth characteristics of Phellinus (Poria) weirii in soil and on root and other surfaces

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Minor Vegetation ◽  
Root Contact ◽  
Surrounding Soil

Growth of Phellinus (Poria) weirii (Murr.) Gilbertson from alder block inoculum into the surrounding soil to infect healthy roots was less than 10 cm. Tree-to-tree spread of this root rot fungus, beyond that which would occur as a result of root contact, may be facilitated by growth of the mycelium over roots of minor vegetation and over wood buried in soil. Ectotrophic mycelium is profuse on the bark of infected roots of Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), limited on infected roots of pine (Pinusmonticola Dougl., P. contorta Dougl, P. ponderosa Laws.), and nearly absent on infected roots of western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn). Rate of spread of P. weirii root rot through stands with a high component of western red cedar or pine, or both, should be considerably slower than in pure stands of Douglas fir.

Nitrogen mineralization and decomposition in forest floors in adjacent plantations of western red cedar, western hemlock, and Douglas-fir

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2424-2431 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Prescott ◽  
C.M. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Forest Floors

To determine if western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn) litter contributes to low N availability in cedar–hemlock forests, we measured concentrations of N and rates of net N mineralization in forest floors from single-species plantations of cedar, western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on the same site in coastal British Columbia. Concentrations of total and extractable N and rates of net N mineralization during laboratory incubations were lowest in the cedar forest floor and highest in Douglas-fir. Less C was mineralized in the cedar forest floor during incubation, and the amount of N mineralized per unit C was least in cedar. Rates of mass loss of foliar litter of the three species were similar during the first 50 weeks of a 70-week laboratory incubation, but cedar lost mass more quickly during the final 20 weeks. Rates of net N mineralization in the forest floors were significantly correlated with the initial percent N, C/N, % Klason lignin, and lignin/N of foliar litter. Foliar litter of cedar had lower concentrations of N and greater proportions of alkyl C (based on 13C NMR spectroscopy) than Douglas-fir litter. These characteristics of cedar litter may contribute to low N availability in cedar–hemlock forest floors. Concentrations of alkyl C (waxes and cutin) may be better than lignin for predicting rates of mass loss and N mineralization from litter.

OBSERVATIONS ON FOLIAGE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SEVERAL CONIFEROUS TREE SPECIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Beaton ◽  
A. Moss ◽  
I. MacRae ◽  
J. W. Konkin ◽  
W. P. T. McGhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species

Concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur in needles of alpine fir, amabilis fir, western red cedar, Douglas fir, western hemlock, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce and Sitka spruce trees growing in a number of areas of British Columbia was determined.Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in current needles of three groups of alpine fir seedlings was 1.05-1.85, 0.18-0.26, 0.70-1.08, 0.29-.044, 0.07-0.11, and 0.12-0.16 per cent, respectively. The nutrient content in the same order was 0.99, 0.16, 1.20, 0.30, 0.08, and 0.12 per cent in a single group of amabilis fir samples.In the lone set of western red cedar samples the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were in the order of 0.73, 0.13, 0.52, 1.16, 0.10 and 0.07 per cent.The percentage of the six nutrients in current Douglas fir needles from seven locations was 0.88-1.37, 0.12-0.22, 0.38-0.70, 0.16-0.44, 0.07-0.18, and 0.14-0.25 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively.The nutrient content of current needles of western hemlock from three sites was N = 0.86-1.17, P = 0.11-0.19, K = 0.28-0.57, Ca = 0.18-0.27, Mg = 0.08-0.12 and S = 0.10-0.15 per cent.Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg and S concentration in current needles from three lots of lodgepole pine seedlings was 1.18-1.77, 0.15-0.18, 0.45-0.62, 0.16-0.26, 0.11-0.14 and 0.12-0.21 per cent, respectively. The corresponding values in needles from older trees were in the order 0.97-1.12, 0.09-0.12, 0.35-0.39, 0.15-0.16, 0.08-0.12 and 0.09-0.11.Per cent N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in current needles of three groups of Engelmann spruce seedlings was in the order 1.26-1.72, 0.21-0.29, 0.71-0.80, 0.44-0.58, 0.13-0.15 and 0.13-0.19. Concentration of these nutrients in older trees was 0.92-1.08, 0.20, 0.70-0.88, 0.28-0.33, 0.11-0.12 and 0.12-0.14 per cent, respectively.

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