A comparison of methods for determining proximate carbon fractions of forest litter

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ryan ◽  
Jerry M. Melillo ◽  
Andrea Ricca
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Predictive Equations ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
Decomposition Models ◽  
The Relationship

Ten forest litters with decomposition state varying from 16.6 to 100% weight remaining were partitioned into sub-samples; each subsample was analyzed for proximate carbon fractions using one of two chemical analysis procedures (forage fiber and forest products analyses). Proximate carbon fractions from the simpler forage fiber techniques accurately estimated extractives, cellulose, lignin, and acid-hydrolyzed carbohydrates (R2 > 0.83) determined by the more complex forest products analyses. Decomposition state accounted for most of the residual variance and significantly improved predictive equations for lignin and extractives. The relationship between proximate carbon fractions from the different techniques also varied somewhat among wood, hardwood leaves, and conifer leaves; however, variations were minor relative to the overall trend. Equations developed can be used to extend data availability for developing and validating decomposition models.

External Investigators' Follow-Up Intentions When Whistleblowers Report Healthcare Fraud: The Effects of Report Anonymity and Previous Confrontation

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Steven E. Kaplan ◽  
Danny Lanier ◽  
Kelly R. Pope ◽  
Janet A. Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Medical Provider ◽  
Perceived Credibility ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Critical Investigation

ABSTRACT Whistleblowing reports, if properly investigated, facilitate the early detection of fraud. Although critical, investigation-related decisions represent a relatively underexplored component of the whistleblowing process. Investigators are responsible for initially deciding whether to follow-up on reports alleging fraud. We report the results of an experimental study examining the follow-up intentions of highly experienced healthcare investigators. Participants, in the role of an insurance investigator, are asked to review a whistleblowing report alleging billing fraud occurring at a medical provider. Thus, participants are serving as external investigators. In a between-participant design, we manipulate the report type and whether the caller previously confronted the wrongdoer. We find that compared to an anonymous report, a non-anonymous report is perceived as more credible and follow-up intentions stronger. We also find that perceived credibility fully mediates the relationship between report type and follow-up intentions. Previous confrontation is not significantly associated with either perceived credibility or follow-up intentions. Data Availability: Data are available upon request.

scholarly journals Estimating the relationship between collateral and interest rate: A comparison of methods

2021 ◽  
pp. 101962
Author(s):  
Andrea Bellucci ◽  
Alexander Borisov ◽  
Germana Giombini ◽  
Alberto Zazzaro
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Raffia Forest Exploitation and Socio-Economic Development within Nkongsamba Urban Council

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
Gideon Samba ◽  
Japhet Chianebeng Kuma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Forest Exploitation ◽  
Littoral Region ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Forest Activities

In Nkongsamba of the Littoral region, raffia palms exploitation have offered an impressive assortment of products for food,  housing construction and households equipment to many of the community members who greatly depend on this Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) for livelihood. This study examines the relationship between raffia forest exploitation and socio-economic development within the Nkongsamba urban council in the Littoral Region of Cameroon. To achieve the main aim of the study, specific objectives were set to examine the socio-economic activities related to raffia forest exploitation in Nkongsamba, assess the relationship between raffia forest activity and socio-economic development of Nkongsamba. Data for the study were obtained through primary and secondary sources using a mixed design method of inquiry which combines both quantitative and qualitative approaches to explore data on raffia forest and its related activities in the study area. Purposive and systematic sampling techniques were equally employed for a sample population of 155 that was drawn using Miller & Brewer Sample determination Method (2003). The data generated were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The major results from the analysis of the findings indicate that raffia activities have contributed enormously to socio-economic development. The researcher used linear regression statistics to determine if raffia forest activities have any significant impact on socio-economic development at .05 significant levels. The results showed that the calculated p-value .014 was not up to the significant level .05 placed for the study. This therefore accepts the fact that raffia forest activities have significant effect on socio-economic development. Base on this finding, the study recommended that, in view of the fact that raffia exploitation is the main economic base activity to majority of households in the area under study, the government should enact appropriate polices to promote the potentials of raffia farming households. Such households should be provided with inputs such as improved raffia harvesting materials at affordable rates.

scholarly journals The influence of forest-forming tree species on diversity and spatial distribution of algae in forest litter

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevhen Maltsev ◽  
Irina Maltseva
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The forest litter plays a significant role in forest ecosystems. The composition of the litter biota comprises micro- and mesofauna, and a great diversity of microorganisms, including unrecognized algae (eukaryotic representatives and Cyanoprokaryota). The aim of this work was to study the diversity of algae in the different types of forest litters and to clarify the relationship between the algae composition and the forest-forming tree species. Our results show that the pine forest litter is the most appropriate habitat for the development of green and yellow-green algae and that this litter type limits the variety of blue-green ones. The admixture of deciduous leaf litter to pine litter caused an increase in the species richness of blue-green algae and diatoms. The algae were unevenly distributed across the sub-horizons of pine litter. The highest species richness of algae was identified in the enzymatic sub-horizon of litter. The peculiarity of the composition of leaf litter algae was a significant variety of green, yellow-green and blue-green algae. The spatial organization of algae communities in the leaf litter was characterized by equal distribution of algae species in the litter-subhorizons.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Public Expenditures, Total Factor Productivity and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remzi Can Yılmaz ◽  
Ahmet Rutkay Ardoğan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
The Relationship

According to the economics literature, there are two main sources of economic growth. While the first of the resources is the accumulation of production factors, the other is the part of the output that cannot be explained by the amount of input used in production, in other words, the total factor productivity. The level of total factor productivity is measured according to how efficiently the inputs are used in the production process. In this study, the hypothesis that public spending affects real economic growth through total productivity is investigated. In the first stage, whether the changes in public expenditures affect the total factor productivity or not; if it does, to what extent and in what direction it has been tried to be revealed. In the second stage, the effect of total factor productivity on economic growth was examined and the statistical significance, direction and extent of the relationship between variables were investigated. Annual data were used in the study and the year range is 2000-2017. The sampling economies were selected according to data availability, and there are a total of 20 developed and developing economies. Research was conducted using multiple panel regression analysis. According to the findings, the relationship between public expenditures and total factor productivity is statistically significant. An increase in public expenditures reduces the total factor productivity. The relationship between total factor productivity and economic growth is statistically significant, and an increase in total factor productivity also increases economic growth. An increase in public expenditures affects economic growth negatively by reducing the total factor productivity.

A Comparison of Activity-Based Costing and Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Hoozée ◽  
Stephen C. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Experiment ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Analytical Comparison ◽  
Resource Information ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
System Maps ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Activity Information

ABSTRACT The relationship between activity-based costing (ABC) and time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) has not been systematically investigated. We compare the two systems analytically and via a numerical experiment. Our analytical comparison generates formulas that describe how each system maps resources to activities and finally to products. We demonstrate that ABC aggregates resource-to-activity information by resources (columns), while TDABC selects partitions of activity-by-resource information. Our numerical experiment shows that TDABC is more accurate than ABC when traceability of resources to activities is high and activity traceability to products is low, while ABC is more accurate when activities are more traceable to products, irrespective of the level of resource traceability to activities. Finally, we examine the impact of hybridizing an ABC (TDABC) system with TDABC (ABC). We find that adding one ABC element into a TDABC system usually improves accuracy. However, adding one TDABC element into an ABC system usually substantially degrades accuracy. Data Availability: The simulated datasets are available from the first author on request.

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