Beach and demersal spawning in capelin (Mallotus villosus) on the northeast Newfoundland coast: egg developmental rates and mortality

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Penton ◽  
G.K. Davoren ◽  
W.A. Montevecchi ◽  
D.W. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
The North ◽  
Spawning Site ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Limited Oxygen

Timing of spawning and site selection in fish are important fitness-related traits that ultimately influence reproductive success. Capelin ( Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776)), a key forage fish in the north Atlantic, spawn eggs that adhere to sediments on beaches and in demersal (deep-water) habitats throughout their geographic range, resulting in divergent thermal regimes for the incubating eggs. We compare the timing and duration of spawning of capelin and its influence on the developmental and survival rates of eggs between a beach and a demersal spawning site on the northeast Newfoundland coast in 2004 and 2005. Spawning events at the beach were at least 10 days earlier and shorter (2–3 days) relative to the demersal site (8–12 days). Hourly and mean daily incubation temperatures at the beach were higher and more variable relative to the demersal site, resulting in two distinct developmental strategies: low to high mortality and rapid development (beach) versus low mortality and slow development (demersal). Higher egg mortality at beach sites was explained by higher and more variable temperatures and potentially limited oxygen replenishment relative to demersal sites. The divergent biology of beach and demersally spawned eggs suggest that each will respond differently to environmental change and, thus, require different approaches for successful management.

Lack of genetic divergence in capelin (Mallotus villosus) spawning at beach versus subtidal habitats in coastal embayments of Newfoundland

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulette M. Penton ◽  
Craig T. McFarlane ◽  
Erin K. Spice ◽  
Margaret F. Docker ◽  
Gail K. Davoren
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
The North ◽  
Coastal Embayments ◽  
Fish Spawning ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Unpredictable Environment ◽  
Spawning Sites

Capelin (Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776)), a focal forage fish in the north Atlantic, spawn on both beach and demersal (deep-water) sites throughout their circumpolar distribution. Although these habitats rarely occur in close proximity, demersal spawning sites within 4 km of beach spawning sites (subtidal) have recently been discovered in two coastal embayments in Newfoundland, Canada. The physical environment differs considerably between beach and subtidal spawning sites, creating the potential for local adaptation and genetic divergence of capelin from the two habitats, but this has never been investigated on a fine spatial scale. We use eight microsatellite loci to test for genetic divergence between capelin spawning at beach and subtidal sites within these two coastal regions in Newfoundland. We found no genetic differentiation between fish spawning at beach and subtidal sites or between the two regions. The results from this fine-scale study are in agreement with the lack of habitat-based structure reported in other studies examining beach and demersal sites separated by a larger geographic area. We suggest that instead of showing site fidelity and local adaptation, the facultative use of alternate spawning habitats may be a more successful strategy in an unpredictable environment.

scholarly journals In situ measurements of capelin (Mallotus villosus) target strength in the North Pacific Ocean

2008 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Guttormsen ◽  
Christopher D. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
The North ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract Guttormsen, M. A. and Wilson, C. D. 2009. In situ measurements of capelin (Mallotus villosus) target strength in the North Pacific Ocean. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 258–263. In situ measurements of capelin (Mallotus villosus) target strength (TS) were collected during summer 2001–2003 near Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska, using a calibrated EK500 echosounder with 38 and 120 kHz split-beam transducers. Targets were detected over dispersed, night-time aggregations using standard acoustic methods, then filtered using a quality-control algorithm to reject invalid targets. The 38 kHz-based, fitted model estimate was TS = 20 log10L− 70.3 (r2 = 0.30), where L is total length of fish. Compared with other studies, the TS-fitted model at 38 kHz was similar to that calculated from swimbladder morphology measurements from St Lawrence estuary capelin (TS = 20 log10L− 69.3), but resulted in greater estimates than models based on in situ measurements of capelin TS in the Barents Sea (TS = 19.1 log10L−74.0) and northern Atlantic Ocean (TS = 20 log10L − 73.1). The large intraspecific variability exhibited in the fitted TS – L models for this species suggests the use of TS measurements from the geographic region where the data were collected.

scholarly journals Capelin (Mallotus villosus) distribution and climate: a sea “canary” for marine ecosystem change

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1524-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Change ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Ecosystem Change ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
The North ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is a classic “r” adapted pelagic species that inhabits the northern boreal oceans at the margins of cold Arctic waters. The species originated in the North Pacific and colonized the North Atlantic at least once during interglacial periods of the past few million years. Capelin became the main forage species for many larger predatory fish, and also for seabirds and marine mammals. The colonizing abilities of capelin have been noted in historical anecdotes, typically in concert with climate variations. In this paper, all known shifts in distribution are catalogued. Shifts have taken place at the larval and adult stages, and some result in new spawning locations, others do not. Displacement distance relates to temperature change: log10(distancekm) = 0.28 × temperature change + 2.16 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.91). The persistence of the shifts relates to the displacement distance: log10(persistencey) = 2.62 × log10(distancekm) − 6.56 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.83). The quick and consistent response of capelin to temperature change, its importance to the North Atlantic foodweb, and established monitoring methods suggest this species as a sea “canary” for northern boreal marine ecosystem responses to climate variability and change.

scholarly journals Variation in size and growth of West Greenland capelin (Mallotus villosus) along latitudinal gradients

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1128-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hedeholm ◽  
P. Grønkjær ◽  
A. Rosing-Asvid ◽  
S. Rysgaard
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
The North ◽  
Growth Difference ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Size

Abstract Hedeholm, R., Grønkjær, P., Rosing-Asvid, A., and Rysgaard, S. 2010. Variation in size and growth of West Greenland capelin (Mallotus villosus) along latitudinal gradients. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1128–1137. Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is the dominant pelagic species in the West Greenland ecosystem. Historical data are re-examined and new data are presented on the size distribution and the growth pattern of capelin along latitudinal gradients of temperature and other growth factors extending over a distance of 1300 km. The average size of capelin increases with latitude. Fish 3 years old were 48 mm larger (54%) at the secondmost northern station compared with the most southern one. Otolith analysis revealed a significant effect of age as well as area on back-calculated growth. Hence, at all ages, fish grew faster in the north than in the south. Average somatic growth across areas in the first and fourth years was 56 and 15 mm, respectively. Temperature data suggest a 2°C difference in temperature between areas, temperatures being warmest in the north. Hence, the increase in temperature with latitude explains much of the latitudinal growth gradient and suggests a growth difference in West Greenland capelin of 0.4–0.6 cm °C−1 year−1. However, the difference in growth and size distribution between northern and southernmost stations, where temperatures are similar, suggests that other factors, such as differences in available prey and diet composition, also contribute to the differences.

Age- and Sex-Specific Survival of Northern Grand Bank Capelin (Mallotus villosus)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Shackell ◽  
Peter A. Shelton ◽  
John M. Hoenig ◽  
James E. Carscadden
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Linear Least Squares ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Survival Estimate ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Mature Fish ◽  
Immature Fish

Age-specific, sex-specific survival rates for immature and mature capelin (Mallotus villosus) were estimated by linear least-squares models, using abundance data derived from annual acoustic/trawl research surveys conducted from 1982 to 1990 on the northern Grand Bank. Survival estimates for age 2 immature fish were comparable between sexes (annual survival equals approximately 40%). Survival estimates for age 4 mature fish differed between sexes, with females having a higher (25–51%) average survival estimate than males (6%). Survival estimates for immature and mature age 3 fish were equivocal; immature males and females had comparable rates (30.3–32.3 and 15.2–26.6%, respectively) whereas a greater proportion of mature females (25–50%) survived than of mature males (2.5–13%). The stated ranges denote survival estimates including and excluding an influential data point, respectively. Higher average survival of mature females than of mature males may be a result of sex-specific behavior during beach spawning. The average annual contribution of surviving mature females to the total number of female spawners was estimated as 24–47%.

Variation in developmental biology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in British Columbia

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2081-2089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Clyde B. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Embryos and alevins of coastal-spawning and interior-spawning sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon stocks in British Columbia were incubated under controlled water temperatures of 2, 4, 8, 12, and 15 °C. At low incubation temperatures, interior-spawning stocks of both species had smaller eggs and higher embryo survival rates than did coastal-spawning stocks. Interior-spawning stocks had faster developmental rates to alevin hatching and fry emergence than did coastal-spawning stocks. Interior-spawning stocks had proportionately larger alevins or fry at 2 °C (for sockeye salmon) or 4 °C (for chinook salmon) relative to their performance at 8 °C than did coastal-spawning stocks. Red-fleshed chinook salmon had higher embryo survival rates at 15 °C than did white-fleshed chinook salmon, as well as an indication of proportionately larger alevins or fry relative to the performance at lower incubation temperatures. Differences in developmental biology of interior- and coastal-spawning stocks may reflect adaptation to the thermal conditions experienced during development.

scholarly journals Early life growth is affecting timing of spawning in the semelparous Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus)

2021 ◽  
pp. 102614
Author(s):  
Florian Berg ◽  
Samina Shirajee ◽  
Arild Folkvord ◽  
Jane Aanestad Godiksen ◽  
Georg Skaret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Timing Of Spawning

Inbreeding depression and floral type fitness differences in Viola canadensis (Violaceae), a species with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 1420-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa M Culley
Keyword(s):  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vegetative Biomass ◽  
Similar Survival ◽  
Cross Type

Few studies of inbreeding depression have focused on species producing both showy, chasmogamous (CH) flowers and self-pollinated, cleistogamous (CL) flowers. The goals of this investigation were to measure the level of inbreeding depression in the North American violet, Viola canadensis L., and to determine if any fitness differences were linked to floral type (CH versus CL) rather than to cross type (self versus outcross). Hand pollinations were carried out to produce self- and outcross-pollinated CH progeny, and CL seeds were also collected. In a greenhouse, selfed and outcrossed CH flowers produced similar numbers of seeds, and both types of progeny had similar survival rates and comparable numbers of CH flowers, although outcrossed CH progeny had 14% greater vegetative biomass than selfed CH progeny. The level of inbreeding depression in V. canadensis was low, indicating that there may be few drawbacks to selfing in this species. A comparison of CL and self-pollinated CH progeny showed that, although there were differences in CH flower number, overall fitness differences were minimal. The similar performance of selfed (CL and CH) and outcrossed progeny in early life-history stages of V. canadensis suggests a history of inbreeding in the population.Key words: cleistogamy, inbreeding depression, outcrossing, selfing, Viola canadensis.

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