THE NATURAL IMMUNITY OF THE LARCH SAWFLY (PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.)) TO THE INTRODUCED PARASITE MESOLEIUS TENTHREDINIS MORLEY, IN MANITOBA AND SASKATCHEWAN

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Muldrew
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Effective Inhibition ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Immunity Reaction

By 1945 it was suspected that the larch sawfly in Saskatchewan and Manitoba had developed an immunity to the introduced parasite Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley. Results of subsequent studies showed that embryonic development of M. tenthredinis in sawfly larvae from Manitoba and Saskatchewan was inhibited three to four days after oviposition. No such inhibition occurred in larvae from British Columbia where the parasite is still highly effective. Inhibition seemed to be related to the deposition of phagocytic capsules around parasite embryos, which occurred in host larvae from Manitoba and Saskatchewan but not in larvae from British Columbia. Encapsulated parasite embryos were shown to be viable, for a number of them hatched after being placed in Ringer's solution. Viability decreased with age. Some embryos were viable seven months after oviposition, though the normal incubation period is 7 to 10 days. Unencapsulated embryos developed more rapidly than encapsulated embryos in Ringer's solution. Results obtained indicate that the phagocytes of the larch sawfly from Manitoba and Saskatchewan play an important role in the immunity reaction of this insect to M. tenthredinis.

Effects of Defoliation on Survival of Larvae of the Larch Sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 887-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. H. Ives
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Larval Movement

AbstractThe searching behaviour of fifth-instar larch sawfly larvae on artificially defoliated tamarack branches and trees is discussed. Local defoliation is shown to be capable of causing appreciable mortality among early-instar larvae if feeding damage by earlier colonies forces them to wander in search of food. Air temperature affects the distance and rate of such larval movement. A considerable proportion of dislodged fifth-instar larvae are able to reach foliage and resume feeding on nearby host trees.

HOST DERIVED CHEMICALS: THE BASIS FOR PREFERENTIAL FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), ON TAMARACK, LARIX LARICINA

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Wagner ◽  
T. Ikeda ◽  
D. M. Benjamin ◽  
F. Matsumura
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Preferential Feeding

AbstractLarch sawfly larvae, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), naturally reject single needles of newly elongated shoots and consume only tufted foliage from 1 year or older short shoots of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Forest entomologists have recognized this unusual feeding behavior for over a century, but not until now has the mechanism been understood. In the bioassasy of unpurified single needle methanol extracts (concn. 1 g needle/ml), 88.5% of the larvae were feeding on the control end of the bioassay twig (solvent only) after 4 h. This was significantly different from a similar bioassay of tufted foliage extract (t-value significant at 0.02 level) and a non-treated control bioassay (distilled water on both ends of bioassay twig) (t-value significant at 0.01 level). In the bioassay of a purified extract of single tamarack needles (TLC fraction 7), 81% of larvae were feeding on the untreated end (t-value significant 0.02). Thin-layer chromatography fraction 7, of eight fractions delineated, alone induced significant feeding inhibition.

Parasites and Insect Predators of the Larch Sawfly

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Muldrew
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Host Material ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Central Canada ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Immunity Reaction

Before the introduction of the parasite Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley into Canada in 1910, the larch sawfly had periodically caused devastating outbreaks that eventually resulted in the destruction of nearly all the mature larch east of the Rockies. The parasite at first gave control wherever it became established and, fallowing its release in Central Canada, the larch sawfly caused no serious damage there until 1938, when it again began to flare up, first in central Manitoba and then in Saskatchewan, Alberta, Ontario, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Associated with the present resurgence is a loss of effectiveness on the part of M. tenthredinis and this appears to be related to the development of an immunity reaction on the part of the host (Muldrew, 1953a). The larch sawfly in British Columbia is, however, still highly susceptible to the parasite and, apparently, parasitism by N. tenthredinis keeps the level of abundance of the larch sawfly so low that at difficulty is experienced in obtaining host material for study purposes.

THE CAPSULE AND ITS RELATION TO THE EMBRYOGENESIS OF THE ICHNEUMONID PARASITOID MESOLEIUS TENTHREDINIS MORL. IN THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.) (HYMENOPTERA:TENTHREDINIDAE)

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan F. Bronskill
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Inner Region ◽  
Host Blood

Eggs of the parasitoid Mesoleius tenthredinis Morl. from British Columbia develop and hatch in approximately 120 hours when reared at 23 ± 0.5 °C and a relative humidity of 72 ± 2% within field-collected larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)) larvae from British Columbia and Newfoundland, and within laboratory-reared P. crichsonii larvae from British Columbia. However, they develop normally for only 70 to 80 hours within field-collected larvae from Manitoba as encapsulation of the developing eggs occurs and development ceases in the late germ band stage. The capsule is formed by an accumulation of host blood cells. During the formation of the capsule the innermost blood cells become flattened, fibrous, and enucleated, and eventually form a mass of concentric sheaths of non-cellular material. Thus, the definitive capsule is both cellular (outer region) and non-cellular (inner region). Histochemical tests indicate the presence of mucopolysaccharide in the capsule. It is suggested that the capsule inhibits the embryonic development of the parasitoid by interfering with its oxygen supply.

Influence of Plants other than the Food Plants of their Host on Host-Finding by Tachinid Parasites

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (9) ◽  
pp. 641-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
High Degree

Earlier work indicated that food plants of the tenthredinid sawflies attacked by Drino bohemica Mesn. and Bessa harveyi Tns. influence host-finding by these tachinid parasites (Monteith, 1955, 1958a). There is a high degree of interaction between stimuli produced by the host larvae and by their food plants (Monteith, 1955, 1958b).It was observed during field studies that the percentage parastism by B. harveyi of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), varied with increasing height above the ground and in different sections of tamarack trees, Larix larician (DuRoi) K. Koch, on which the sawfly larvae were feeding. It appeared that shrubs and trees other than L. laricina influenced host-finding by B. harveyi.

A Note on the Occurrence of the Larch Sawfly in Alaska

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-672
Author(s):  
Donald C. Schmiege
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly

Larvae of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), were collected in Alaska in 1965. This is the first record of this insect in Alaska. On 26 and 27 July 1965, stands of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, were examined at 16 locations along the Richardson Highway southeast of Fairbanks. Larch sawfly larvae were collected from 12 of the stands examined. Collection locations are shown in Fig. 1.

Developmental Rates of Larch Sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)) Larvae in an Insectary and in Field Shelters

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (9) ◽  
pp. 668-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. H. Ives
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Developmental Rates

In 1959 a study was conducted in the Whiteshell Forest Reserve, Manitoba, to determine if insectary-reared larch sawfly larvae developed at the same rate as in the field. Data were collected on the rate of frass production in both situations and used as an index of larval development. This was part of a broader study that will be reported on more fully in a later publication, but the immediate results should be of interest to those concerned with studies on ecological life histories of other insects.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MODE OF ACTION OF STRAINS OFBACILLUS CEREUSFR. AND FR. PATHOGENIC FOR THE LARCH SAWFLY,PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII(HTG.)

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Heimpel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Genus Bacillus ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Tissue Degeneration ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Histopathological Evidence

There is a significant correlation between the pathogenicity for the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. strains and their respective abilities to produce lecithinase. Species of the genus Bacillus that are incapable of producing lecithinase are not pathogenic for the larch sawfly. Histopathological evidence of toxemia during the progress of B. cereus infection of the sawfly larvae is presented and it is noted that the tissue degeneration is not of the type usually associated with proteolytic or lipolytic activity. Finally, approximately three micrograms of a lecithinase preparation (containing. approximately 21 mouse LD50per milligram) was found to be the LD50for the fifth-instar larva of the larch sawfly. The main conclusion drawn from this evidence is that lecithinase plays an important role in the invasion and destruction of infected larch sawfly larvae.

Pristiphora erichsonii. [Distribution map].

1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) (Hymenopt., Tenthredinoidea) (Larch Sawfly). Hosts: Larix spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (excl. USSR), Austria, Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, ASIA (excl. USSR), Japan, USSR, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, U.S.A.

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