Aerial pursuit flights in the shoveler

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1473-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman R. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Active Mechanism ◽  
Seasonal Basis ◽  
Males And Females

Analysis of 266 pursuit flights of wild birds provided a qualitative and quantitative description of aspects of this phenomenon. Flight behavior and frequency were analyzed for the general prelaying, laying, incubation, and renesting periods.Flight behavior of pursued males and females and that of the pursuing male varied little throughout the breeding season. No difference was detected on a daily basis.Flight frequency was greatest during the morning (0500 to 1000 h) period throughout the season. On a seasonal basis, frequency was greatest during territory establishment and declined after general incubation began. Another peak of activity occurred during the renesting period. Frequency during all periods reflected the number of non-territorial pairs interacting with territorial pairs.Attempted rape and associated flight was rare, with most flights apparently resulting from hostility associated with territorial defense. The pursuer was invariably a territorial male.The pursuit flight functioned in the establishment and maintenance of territories and was the major active mechanism in the spacing of breeding pairs.

Changes in activity patterns, agonistic behavior, and territoriality of black ducks (Anas rubripes) during the breeding season in a Nova Scotia tidal marsh

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1773-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman R. Seymour ◽  
Rodger D. Titman
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Spatial Displacement ◽  
Lawrence Estuary ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
St Lawrence Estuary

Observations of marked wild black ducks provided a qualitative and quantitative description of hostile interactions between pairs throughout the breeding season. This study was carried out on a tidal estuary on the St. Lawrence estuary shore of Nova Scotia from 1972 to 1974. Interactions occurred first on the communal part of the marsh and later on territories.Territories corresponded to tidal ponds (0.16–3.8 ha) at the marsh periphery and were established only after pairs were on the marsh 30–40 days. Territories were established approximately 5 days before egg laying began and females were responsible for their location. Females spent approximately 45 days on the territory and males stayed 27–32 days. Males remained almost continuously on territories during the prelaying and laying periods but left both females and territories during midincubation.The activity of males and females of pairs was analysed and compared according to three activities: foraging, loafing, and hostility. Females foraged at a faster rate and for longer durations than their mates in both the preterritorial and territorial periods. Hostility by territorial males toward intruding pairs provided seclusion for resident pairs. Changes in the form and intensity of hostility led to the spatial displacement of pairs. The pursuit flight by males was the main mechanism in the establishment and maintenance of territories.

Variation of repertoire use in the eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1086-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine G. d'Agincourt ◽  
J. Bruce Falls
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Seasonal Trend ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
Mate Attraction ◽  
Singing Behavior ◽  
Sturnella Magna ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Song Types

The singing behavior of nine eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) males was examined over the 1980 breeding season for changes in versatility (use of different song types and switching between song types). The greatest degree of versatility occurred during territorial defense; the use of one-song bouts rose from 33.1% during nonchase periods to 64.9% during intraspecific encounters. Versatility also showed a seasonal trend, peaking during courtship and decreasing through the incubation, nestling, and fledgling stages. No relationship was evident between versatility characteristic of a male and the number of females obtained. Thus, while versatility may have increased during encounters with both sexes, it apparently did not influence mate attraction. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that repertoires reduce habituation in listeners. The data also support a derivative explanation that song variety serves as a graded signal indicating the tendency of a singer to interact with other males and females.

Observation on the breeding biology of Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987) (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Jacinta Lalchhanhimi ◽  
Lalremsanga H.T.
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Advertisement Calls ◽  
Males And Females

The breeding biology of tree frog, Polypedates teraiensis was studied during the breeding season at Mizoram University Campus. It was found that sound production by male during the breeding season was primarily a reproductive function and advertisement calls attract females to the breeding areas and announce other males that a given territory is occupied. The aim of this study was to provide the detailed information on the breeding behaviour and the advertisement calls of Polypedates teraiensis. The morphometric measurements of the amplecting pairs (males and females) for sexual dimorphism along with clutch sizes were also studied.

Mating in the harvestman Leiobunum vittatum (Arachnida: Opiliones): from premating struggles to solicitous tactile engagement

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (12-13) ◽  
pp. 1663-1686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasey D. Fowler-Finn ◽  
Emilia Triana ◽  
Owen G. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Nuptial Gift ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Male Size ◽  
Mechanical Advantage ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Mutual Mate Choice ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Study ◽  
Multiple Stages

When mating interactions are influenced by multiple sources of selection, they may involve multiple stages of mate assessment. At each stage, a different set of morphological and behavioural traits may be important in determining the outcome of the interaction. Here, we test the potential for multiple sources of selection to shape mating interactions in Leiobunum vittatum harvestmen, commonly known as ‘daddy longlegs’. We provide a qualitative and quantitative study of mating interactions, and investigate the influence of multiple morphological traits on each of several distinct stages of their mating interactions. Mating interactions start with a struggle between males and females during which the male attempts to secure the females in a mating embrace. Success at this stage depends on the length of the male’s clasping pedipalps: those with shorter pedipalps (and thus greater mechanical advantage) were more successful. Male size relative to the female determines how quickly males achieve this embrace. Mating interactions then proceed to tactile exchanges between males and females, indicating the potential for mutual mate choice and/or peri- and post-copulatory selection. We found no morphological predictors of the timing of these later stages of the mating interactions, and suggest that the exchange of a nuptial gift is important for the dynamics of these stages. Overall, our results highlight L. vittatum as a potentially highly informative group for studying how traits involved in mating are shaped by the interaction of selection across multiple stages in mating interactions.

2. Mating systems, or who goes with whom, and for how long

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Leigh W. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
Monogamous Species ◽  
Genetic Techniques ◽  
Males And Females

‘Mating systems, or who goes with whom, and for how long’ examines the variation in how males and females associate during the breeding season, ranging from brief couplings with multiple partners to lifelong monogamy. It also shows how the discovery that females mate with many partners, even in supposedly monogamous species such as songbirds, was made possible by modern genetic techniques. Variation in mating systems holds considerable implications for the operation of sexual selection. The way that animal mating systems have been explained historically is outlined before considering how a more contemporary understanding of genetic and social relationships has reshaped our thinking and how understanding a species’ mating system can have practical applications.

scholarly journals Wing Morphology and Flight Behavior of Some North American Hummingbird Species

The Auk ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 872-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gary Stiles ◽  
Douglas L. Altshuler ◽  
Robert Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
North American ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Wing Disc ◽  
Territorial Behavior ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract We explored the relationship between wing morphology and flight behavior with respect to sex and age in five species of North American hummingbirds. We first measured the length, chord or “width,“ and area of entire hummingbird wing planforms. We then calculated additional parameters of wing shape and size, including aspect and shape ratios, degree of taper or “pointedness,“ wing loading, and wing disc loading (WDL). Wings of adult males are not only shorter but also more narrow and tapered than those of adult or immature females; immature males have larger wings and lower WDL, more like those of females. A proposed relationship between WDL and territorial behavior and dominance is not supported, given that adult and immature males show similar feeding territoriality outside the breeding season but females rarely do. The more extreme and divergent wings of adult males probably reflect sexual selection in connection with aerial displays that include species-specific sound effects given during the breeding season. North American species are unusual among hummingbirds in showing reversed sexual size-dimorphism (males smaller, with relatively shorter wings), a feature shared with some other small hummingbirds, notably the “Pygmornis“ hermits. Attempts to explain hummingbird foraging and territorial behavior on the basis of differences in WDL have failed because many aspects of wing morphology, physiology, and flight behavior were not taken into account. Several wing parameters appear more related to other modes of flight than to strategies of nectar exploitation, and the morphology of any given wing represents a compromise between the often conflicting aerodynamic demands of different flight modes. Understanding hummingbird flight will require broad comparative studies of wing morphology and wingbeat kinematics in relation to flight behavior, and new theoretical models and experimental data will be needed to elucidate physiological and aerodynamic mechanisms underlying forward flight and maneuvering. Morfología Alar y Comportamiento de Vuelo de Unas Especies de Colibríes de Norteamérica

Reproduction in the Ningbing Antechinus (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) - Field and Laboratory Observations

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Males And Females

The ningbing antechinus is a species of small dasyurid marsupial found in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Observations on reproduction have been made on newly captured and laboratory maintained specimens. The breeding season is short and mating occurs in June. The young are born after a long gestation, estimated to be between 45 and 52 days, in late July and early August. They are weaned in November when about 16 weeks old and they reach sexual maturity at 10-11 months, in the first breeding season after birth. Both males and females are potentially capable of breeding in a second season.

Kinetics of inactivation of staphylolytic enzymes: Qualitative and quantitative description

Biochimie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Lyubov Filatova ◽  
David Donovan ◽  
Steven Swift ◽  
Vladimir Pugachev ◽  
Georgy Emelianov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Kinetics Of
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