Spatial relationships and behavior of polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps) concentrated on land during the ice-free season of Hudson Bay

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1763-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Latour
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Single Population ◽  
A Site ◽  
And Behavior

I observed polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps) at Cape Churchill, Manitoba, a site where polar bears congregate during the autumn when Hudson Bay is ice free. Adult males, subadult males, and subadult females were spatially segregated to a degree that depended primarily on density. The higher the density, the greater the degree of segregation. Adult males showed the closest intraclass association. Subadult females spent more time in activity than did either adult or subadult males; this may be due to subadult females being approached more by other subadults. Much of an individual's social behavior occurred with members of its own age–sex class, perhaps as a result of spatial segregation. In the noncompetitive situation of this study, polar bears aggregated and were more social than when hunting on the sea ice. This study provides further evidence for the flexibility of carnivore social systems, not only between populations of the same species, but also within a single population.

Distribution of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) during the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1395-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Derocher ◽  
Ian Stirling
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
The North ◽  
Western Hudson Bay ◽  
Age And Sex

The distribution and movements of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) during the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay were studied using mark and recapture and radiotelemetry locating of animals of known age and sex collected between 1966 and 1987. Polar bears segregated themselves by age, sex, and reproductive status. Adult males occupied coastal areas. Family groups and pregnant females occupied areas farther inland. Subadult females and males occupied similar habitats which overlapped with those of adult males. Avoidance of conspecifics, energy conservation, philopatry, denning habitat, and habitat selection appeared to influence observed patterns. A southward shift in the population was evident early in the ice-free period and was followed by a return movement northward during October and November. This may be due to ice-formation patterns which permit earlier access to the sea ice along the north coast and hunting habitat to the northeast. All bears moved less than bears on the sea ice, and movements were consistent with a strategy of energy conservation. Most bears appear to have travelled directly from the sea ice to the study area and remained until the sea ice reformed. Little exchange with adjacent populations and a high degree of philopatry were evident for all age and sex groups; this may be a function of the distribution of denning habitat, the winter distribution of sea ice habitat and seals, and the noncompetitive conditions that prevail during the ice-free period which make dispersal of limited benefit.

Observations of aggregating behaviour in adult male polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1390-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Derocher ◽  
Ian Stirling
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Competition For Food ◽  
Competition For Resources ◽  
Solitary Species

Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are usually considered a solitary species, but between 50 and 60% of the adult male polar bears captured on land during the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay were sighted in aggregations with a mean size of 4 and a range of 2–14 individuals. The mean weight of aggregating adult males was significantly greater (approximately 60 kg) than the mean weight of nonaggregating adult males, but there were no significant differences in the mean age. Aggregations occurred throughout the ice-free period (August–October) and were most common at prominent points along the coast or nearby islands. Some locations were used over several years. The lack of competition for food and the absence of breeding activity during the ice-free period produce conditions that may facilitate aggregating. Familiarity with conspecifics may yield benefits by reducing the severity and frequency of competition for resources on the sea ice.

scholarly journals Trends in body condition in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Southern Hudson Bay subpopulation in relation to changes in sea ice

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Obbard ◽  
M.R.L. Cattet ◽  
E.J. Howe ◽  
K.R. Middel ◽  
E.J. Newton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Western Hudson Bay ◽  
Break Up

Sea ice is declining over much of the Arctic. In Hudson Bay the ice melts completely each summer, and advances in break-up have resulted in longer ice-free seasons. Consequently, earlier break-up is implicated in declines in body condition, survival, and abundance of polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) in the Western Hudson Bay (WH) subpopulation. We hypothesised that similar patterns would be evident in the neighbouring Southern Hudson Bay (SH) subpopulation. We examined trends 1980–2012 in break-up and freeze-up dates within the entire SH management unit and within smaller coastal break-up and freeze-up zones. We examined trends in body condition for 900 bears captured during 1984–1986, 2000–2005, and 2007–2009 and hypothesised that body condition would be correlated with duration of sea ice. The ice-free season in SH increased by about 30 days from 1980 to 2012. Body condition declined in all age and sex classes, but the decline was less for cubs than for other social classes. If trends towards a longer ice-free season continue in the future, further declines in body condition and survival rates are likely, and ultimately declines in abundance will occur in the SH subpopulation.

Future sea ice conditions in Western Hudson Bay and consequences for polar bears in the 21st century

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2675-2687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Castro de la Guardia ◽  
Andrew E. Derocher ◽  
Paul G. Myers ◽  
Arjen D. Terwisscha van Scheltinga ◽  
Nick J. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Western Hudson Bay

scholarly journals Long-distance swimming by polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the southern Beaufort Sea during years of extensive open water

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Pagano ◽  
G.M. Durner ◽  
S.C. Amstrup ◽  
K.S. Simac ◽  
G.S. York
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Gps Collars ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Ice Conditions

Polar bears ( Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) depend on sea ice for catching marine mammal prey. Recent sea-ice declines have been linked to reductions in body condition, survival, and population size. Reduced foraging opportunity is hypothesized to be the primary cause of sea-ice-linked declines, but the costs of travel through a deteriorated sea-ice environment also may be a factor. We used movement data from 52 adult female polar bears wearing Global Positioning System (GPS) collars, including some with dependent young, to document long-distance swimming (>50 km) by polar bears in the southern Beaufort and Chukchi seas. During 6 years (2004–2009), we identified 50 long-distance swims by 20 bears. Swim duration and distance ranged from 0.7 to 9.7 days (mean = 3.4 days) and 53.7 to 687.1 km (mean = 154.2 km), respectively. Frequency of swimming appeared to increase over the course of the study. We show that adult female polar bears and their cubs are capable of swimming long distances during periods when extensive areas of open water are present. However, long-distance swimming appears to have higher energetic demands than moving over sea ice. Our observations suggest long-distance swimming is a behavioral response to declining summer sea-ice conditions.

scholarly journals Testing the hypothesis that routine sea ice coverage of 3-5 mkm2 results in a greater than 30% decline in population size of polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J Crockford
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Polar Bear ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Sea Ice Decline

The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) was the first species to be classified as threatened with extinction based on predictions of future conditions rather than current status. These predictions were made using expert-opinion forecasts of population declines linked to modeled habitat loss – first by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)’s Red List in 2006, and then by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 2008 under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), based on data collected to 2005 and 2006, respectively. Both assessments predicted significant population declines of polar bears would result by mid-century as a consequence of summer sea ice extent rapidly reaching 3-5 mkm2 on a regular basis: the IUCN predicted a >30% decline in total population, while the USFWS predicted the global population would decline by 67% (including total extirpation of ten subpopulations within two vulnerable ecoregions). Biologists involved in these conservation assessments had to make several critical assumptions about how polar bears might be affected by future habitat loss, since sea ice conditions predicted to occur by 2050 had not occurred prior to 2006. However, summer sea ice declines have been much faster than expected: low ice levels not expected until mid-century (about 3-5 mkm2) have occurred regularly since 2007. Realization of predicted sea ice levels allows the ‘rapid sea ice decline = population decline’ assumption for polar bears to be treated as a testable hypothesis. Data collected between 2007 and 2015 reveal that polar bear numbers have not declined as predicted and no subpopulation has been extirpated. Several subpopulations expected to be at high risk of decline remained stable and five showed increases in population size. Another at-risk subpopulation was not counted but showed marked improvement in reproductive parameters and body condition with less summer ice. As a consequence, the hypothesis that repeated summer sea ice levels of below 5 mkm2 will cause significant population declines in polar bears is rejected, a result that indicates the ESA and IUCN judgments to list polar bears as threatened based on future risks of habitat loss were scientifically unfounded and that similar predictions for Arctic seals and walrus may be likewise flawed. The lack of a demonstrable ‘rapid sea ice decline = population decline’ relationship for polar bears also potentially invalidates updated survival model outputs that predict catastrophic population declines should the Arctic become ice-free in summer.

scholarly journals Testing the hypothesis that routine sea ice coverage of 3-5 mkm2 results in a greater than 30% decline in population size of polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J Crockford
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Polar Bear ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Sea Ice Decline

The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) was the first species to be classified as threatened with extinction based on predictions of future conditions rather than current status. These predictions were made using expert-opinion forecasts of population declines linked to modeled habitat loss – first by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)’s Red List in 2006, and then by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 2008 under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), based on data collected to 2005 and 2006, respectively. Both assessments predicted significant population declines of polar bears would result by mid-century as a consequence of summer sea ice extent rapidly reaching 3-5 mkm2 on a regular basis: the IUCN predicted a >30% decline in total population, while the USFWS predicted the global population would decline by 67% (including total extirpation of ten subpopulations within two vulnerable ecoregions). Biologists involved in these conservation assessments had to make several critical assumptions about how polar bears might be affected by future habitat loss, since sea ice conditions predicted to occur by 2050 had not occurred prior to 2006. However, summer sea ice declines have been much faster than expected: low ice levels not expected until mid-century (about 3-5 mkm2) have occurred regularly since 2007. Realization of predicted sea ice levels allows the ‘rapid sea ice decline = population decline’ assumption for polar bears to be treated as a testable hypothesis. Data collected between 2007 and 2015 reveal that polar bear numbers have not declined as predicted and no subpopulation has been extirpated. Several subpopulations expected to be at high risk of decline remained stable and five showed increases in population size. Another at-risk subpopulation was not counted but showed marked improvement in reproductive parameters and body condition with less summer ice. As a consequence, the hypothesis that repeated summer sea ice levels of below 5 mkm2 will cause significant population declines in polar bears is rejected, a result that indicates the ESA and IUCN judgments to list polar bears as threatened based on future risks of habitat loss were scientifically unfounded and that similar predictions for Arctic seals and walrus may be likewise flawed. The lack of a demonstrable ‘rapid sea ice decline = population decline’ relationship for polar bears also potentially invalidates updated survival model outputs that predict catastrophic population declines should the Arctic become ice-free in summer.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document