Nesting of northern pintails in Alberta: laying date, clutch size, and renesting

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Duncan

Nesting of northern pintails was studied in southern Alberta where breeding densities are high. Adults nested earlier and laid larger clutches than did yearlings in the wild. Captive pintails nested earlier, laid larger clutches, and appeared to renest more readily than did wild birds. Food may limit each of these parameters in the wild. The reproductive output of female pintails nesting in high densities in southern Alberta appears to be lower than that of birds breeding at Delta, Manitoba, because of reduced clutch size and lower renesting rate. Clutch size was strongly correlated with laying date but the laying of larger clutches by adults in the wild (and by captive birds relative to wild birds) was not simply a consequence of earlier nesting. A number of proximate causes suggested to explain the seasonal decline in clutch size (hen age, renesting, declining food resources, and decreased body reserves) were rejected. Whatever the mechanism through which laying date influences clutch size, the ultimate reason for this phenomenon may be a seasonally declining survival rate of young which has selected for reduced reproductive effort later in the breeding season. Captive pintails fed a 14% or 29% protein diet after laying their first clutches did not differ in frequency of renesting, clutch size, or renest interval.

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla L. Guyn ◽  
Robert G. Clark

Abstract We studied nesting effort and success of Northern Pintails (Anas acuta) in southern Alberta. Annual nesting success estimates ranged from 6–18%. Clutch size averaged 7.2, and declined in a simple curvilinear fashion with nest initiation date. We found no relationship between egg size and clutch size or evidence from one year to the next of a trade-off between current and future investment in eggs. Within-year renesting rate ranged from 55%, based on a sample of 20 decoy-trapped females that lost their first nests to predators, to 85% based on a sample of 13 nest-trapped females forced to renest when we removed their clutches. Greater investment in initial clutches led to longer delays in laying replacement clutches. Because delays in renesting are costly (late-nesting females produce fewer offspring), females must contend with a trade-off between maximizing reproductive output in initial clutches versus the risk of delayed renesting if the first clutch should fail. We suggest that pintail reproductive traits have evolved primarily in response to short nesting seasons and variable environments.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Reséndiz-Infante ◽  
Gilles Gauthier

AbstractMany avian migrants have not adjusted breeding phenology to climate warming resulting in negative consequences for their offspring. We studied seasonal changes in reproductive success of the greater snow goose (Anser caerulescens atlantica), a long-distance migrant. As the climate warms and plant phenology advances, the mismatch between the timing of gosling hatch and peak nutritive quality of plants will increase. We predicted that optimal laying date yielding highest reproductive success occurred earlier over time and that the seasonal decline in reproductive success increased. Over 25 years, reproductive success of early breeders increased by 42%, producing a steeper seasonal decline in reproductive success. The difference between the laying date producing highest reproductive success and the median laying date of the population increased, which suggests an increase in the selection pressure for that trait. Observed clutch size was lower than clutch size yielding the highest reproductive success for most laying dates. However, at the individual level, clutch size could still be optimal if the additional time required to acquire nutrients to lay extra eggs is compensated by a reduction in reproductive success due to a delayed laying date. Nonetheless, breeding phenology may not respond sufficiently to meet future environmental changes induced by warming temperatures.


1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Pattenden ◽  
D. A. Boag

The object of this study was to examine the influence of body mass, a measure of nutrient reserves, on the breeding biology of captive mallards. Low body mass delayed initiation of courtship and pairing, and decreased the number of permanent pair bonds formed. However, pairing date was not correlated with laying date. Low body mass during winter had a greater influence on laying date than low body mass during spring, but neither affected clutch size. This suggests that an individual arriving on the breeding grounds with low body reserves relative to others will have a lower reproductive output that year.


2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 820-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long-Hui Lin ◽  
Fei Mao ◽  
Ce Chen ◽  
Xiang Ji

Abstract We collected gravid gray rat snakes Ptyas korros from three geographically distinct populations in China, Chenzhou (CZ), Jiangshan (JS) and Dinghai (DH), to study geographical variation in female reproductive traits. Egg-laying dates differed among the three populations such that at the most northern latitude egg-laying was latest, and earliest at the most southern lati-tutde. Clutch size, clutch mass, egg mass, egg shape, within clutch variability in egg sizes and relative clutch mass differed among the three populations, whereas post-oviposition body mass did not. Except for egg-laying date, none of the traits examined varied in a geographically continuous trend. CZ and DH females, although separated by a distance of approximately 1100 km as the crow flies, were similar in nearly all traits examined. JS females were distinguished from CZ and DH females by their higher fecundity (clutch size), greater reproductive output (clutch mass) and more rounded eggs. Our data do not validate the prediction that larger offspring should be produced in colder localities. The absence of an egg size-number trade-off in each of the three populations presumably suggests that P. korros is among species where eggs are well optimized for size within a population.


Behaviour ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Daan ◽  
Michael Hall ◽  
Theo Meijer

AbstractThe time in spring when a male kestrel rapidly increases his daily hunting time and his hunting yield, and thereby the amount of food delivered to the female, determines the date when she lays the first egg. Food experiments in free-living and captive kestrels gave a significant advance in laying date. Clutch size, which decreases with progressive laying date, did not change independent of date in response to food manipulation. These effects are in agreement with most other feeding experiments. Photoperiod experiments in kestrels advanced the reproductive cycle in constant long days, and a similar seasonal decline in clutch size was found. It seems that there is an internally preprogrammed decrease in clutch size within an annual "reproductive window". A proximate control model for the seasonal decline of clutch size is proposed, modified from an earlier model by HAFTORN (1985). This incorporates an increasing tendency to incubate the first eggs with progression of the season, an egg contact-incubation positive feedback loop, and the resorption of further follicles in the ovary when the laying female incubates 50% of the time. This follicle resorption fixes the clutch size ca. four days before the last egg is laid. the 50% incubation level is reached earlier in late females and consequently resorption starts earlier and the resulting clutch is smaller than in early females. Experiments in kestrels with removal and addition of eggs, in combination with measurements of incubation behaviour are discussed in relation to the model. Plasma prolactin data of female kestrels show that this hormone is a serious candidate for a physiological component relaying time of year in our model for clutch size regulation.


The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith W. Sockman ◽  
Hubert Schwabl

Abstract Seasonal decline in clutch size is common in birds, but the proximate mechanisms for this phenomenon have not been elucidated. The most credible model to date posits that late-laying females lay fewer eggs due to a seasonal increase in the tendency to incubate during laying, which inhibits egg production. We tested this model with free-living and laboratory American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) by quantifying changes in clutch size and incubation tendency during laying over the course of the breeding phase. Consistent with the model, clutch size in free-living kestrels decreased while incubation increased with progress of the 74-day breeding phase. Inconsistent with the model, variation in incubation tendency during laying was not associated with clutch size in either the field or the laboratory. In the laboratory, incubation increased but clutch size did not decrease over the course of the 77-day breeding phase. In the laboratory, females that nested early in one breeding phase renested more quickly and nested in a second breeding phase more quickly than females nesting late in the first breeding phase. This indicates that timing of laying is, in part, a property of individual females, independent of environmental factors. Together, our findings suggest that both clutch size and timing of laying are inherent, correlated properties of particular females. Although incubation tendency may influence clutch size, other factors appear to override its influence. Covariación del Tamaño de la Nidada, la Fecha de Postura y la Tendencia de Incubación en Falco sparverius Resumen. Aunque la disminución estacional en el tamaño de la nidada es común entre las aves, los mecanismos proximales para este fenómeno no han sido elucidados. El modelo de mayor credibilidad propuesto hasta el momento sugiere que las hembras que ovipositan tarde ponen menos huevos debido a un aumento estacional en la tendencia a incubar durante la postura que inhibe la producción de huevos. Pusimos a prueba este modelo con individuos de Falco sparverius en condiciones naturales y en cautiverio, cuantificando los cambios en el tamaño de la nidada y la tendencia a incubar durante la postura a lo largo de la época reproductiva. Tal como el modelo plantea, el tamaño de la nidada en individuos silvestres de F. sparverius disminuyó mientras que la incubación aumentó a medida que transcurrían los 74 días de la época de reproducción. Mientras tanto, en contraste con el modelo, la variación en la tendencia a incubar durante la postura no estuvo asociada con el tamaño de la nidada ni en el campo ni en el laboratorio. En el laboratorio, la incubación aumentó pero el tamaño de la nidada no disminuyó en el transcurso de la época reproductiva (77 días). En condiciones de laboratorio, las hembras que anidaron temprano en una fase reproductiva volvieron a anidar más rápidamente en una segunda fase que las hembras que anidaron tarde en la primera. Esto indica que el tiempo en que se hace la postura es en parte una propiedad de cada hembra y es independiente de factores ambientales. En conjunto, nuestros hallazgos sugieren que tanto el tamaño de la nidada como el momento de la postura son propiedades correlacionadas de cada hembra en particular. Aunque la tendencia a incubar podría influenciar el tamaño de la nidada, otros factores parecen anular su influencia.


1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Pehrsson

The effect of food quality on egg and clutch size was studied in captive wild-strain and game-farm mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, and comparisons were made with various wild Swedish populations from different habitat types. Captive mallards laid larger eggs than wild birds. In captivity, game-farm ducks laid larger eggs than wild-strain birds, but when they were exposed to wild conditions the size was reduced. Captive ducks supplied with high-protein food laid larger eggs than ducks fed low-protein food. In the wild, there was a negative correlation between egg size and population density. Various wild Swedish populations showed similar egg-size variations among years, indicating some common factor operating outside the breeding season. In the food quality experiments, clutch size was positively correlated with egg size, but no correlation was found in wild populations. A negative correlation between clutch size and laying date, obtained in the wild, was not found in captivity. Egg and clutch sizes were both significantly smaller in a lake with food competition from fish than in an area rich in lakes empty of fish. When comparing egg characteristics of mallard populations it is important to distinguish between wild, captive wild-strain, and captive game-farm birds.


1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 992-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Duncan

Sources of variation in the egg size of wild and captive northern pintails (Anas acuta) were examined in southern Alberta. Egg size, estimated by volume index (length × breadth2), was strongly correlated with weight of the fresh egg (r2 = 0.89) and weight of the 1-day-old duckling (r2 = 0.89). The body weight of pintail hens was weakly correlated with their egg size in the wild (r2 = 0.11) but was not correlated with egg size in captivity. Captive birds fed a 29% protein diet laid larger eggs than did those fed a 14% protein diet and egg size increased from first to second clutches in birds maintained on a constant diet. Egg size was not related to laying date or clutch size, and did not differ between adults and yearlings. Individual hens tended to lay eggs of a consistent size but there was no significant heritability for egg size.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomos Potter ◽  
Anja Felmy

AbstractIn wild populations, large individuals have disproportionately higher reproductive output than smaller individuals. We suggest an ecological explanation for this observation: asymmetry within populations in rates of resource assimilation, where greater assimilation causes both increased reproduction and body size. We assessed how the relationship between size and reproduction differs between wild and lab-reared Trinidadian guppies. We show that (i) reproduction increased disproportionately with body size in the wild but not in the lab, where effects of resource competition were eliminated; (ii) in the wild, the scaling exponent was greatest during the wet season, when resource competition is strongest; and (iii) detection of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction is inevitable if individual differences in assimilation are ignored. We propose that variation among individuals in assimilation – caused by size-dependent resource competition, niche expansion, and chance – can explain patterns of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction in natural populations.


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