Genetics of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae): further mapping of linkage groups I, II, and III

Standard mapping procedures were used to map four loci in linkage group I (the X chromosome), two loci in linkage group II, and two loci in linkage group III of Glossina morsitans submorsitans. In the presence of the allele Srd (the distorter allele favoring production of female offspring), no recombination occurred between any of the following loci: Pgm (phosphoglucomutase), wht (white eye color), Est-X (a thoracic esterase), and Sr (sex-ratio distortion). However, in the absence of Srd (i.e., in females homozygous for Srn, the allele that permits males to sire both female and male offspring in approximately equal numbers), the loci Pgm and wht were separated by 23 ± 4.0% recombination (map distance). These results indicate that ourG. m. submorsitans strains carry two forms of the X chromosome, designated XA and XB. In support of this interpretation, two lines of G. m. submorsitans were established: in both lines, males with wild-type eyes sired families that were almost exclusively female, while males with white eyes sired families having males and females in approximately equal numbers. Two loci, Ao (aldehyde oxidase) and Est-1 (a thoracic esterase) were separated by 6.1 ± 2.3% recombination in linkage group II, and two loci, Mdh (malate dehydrogenase) and Pgi (phosphoglucose isomerase), showed 51.9 ± 4.9% recombination in linkage group III.

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Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). XIII. Mapping the locus for tetrazolium oxidase in linkage group I and refinement of the linkage group II map

Genome ◽

10.1139/g88-142 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 885-887 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. H. Gooding ◽

B. M. Rolseth ◽

S. A. Tarimo

Keyword(s):

Linkage Group ◽

Key Words ◽

Aldehyde Oxidase ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Linkage Maps ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Eye Color ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

The locus for tetrazolium oxidase, To, is mapped at 4.3 ± 1.3 recombination units from the locus for arginine phosphokinase, Apk, in linkage group I, and the distance between the eye color locus, sal, and Apk is confirmed to be about 39.5 ± 3.2 recombination units. In linkage group II the loci for aldehyde oxidase, Ao, and for two esterases are arranged in the order Ao Est-1 Est-2 with 3.5 ± 1.2 recombination units separating Ao and Est-1 and 8.3 ± 1.8 recombination units separating Est-1 and Est-2.Key words: Glossina morsitans, tetrazolium oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, esterases, linkage maps.

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GENETICS OF GLOSSINA MORSITANS MORSITANS (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE). V. DEFINITION AND PRELIMINARY MAPPING OF LINKAGE GROUPS I AND II

Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology ◽

10.1139/g81-042 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 399-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. H. Gooding

Keyword(s):

Linkage Group ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Aldehyde Oxidase ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Linkage Groups ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Eye Color ◽

Group I ◽

Octanol Dehydrogenase ◽

Differential Part

Linkage group I is defined as the loci on the differential part of the X-chromosome of adult Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood. Three loci are known and their order on the X-chromosome has been demonstrated as ocra (body color), salmon (eye color), and Apk (arginine phosphokinase, E.C. 2.7.3.3) with 38 map units separating the first two loci and 32 to 41 separating the second two. This region of the X-chromosome does not contain the chromosomal inversion known to occur in the Handeni line of G. m. morsitans. Linkage group II is defined as the autosome carrying the locus Xo (xanthine oxidase, E.C. 1.2.3.2), and it is demonstrated to carry also the loci Ao (aldehyde oxidase, E.C. 1.2.3.1) and Odh (octanol dehydrogenase, E.C. 1.1.1.73). Ao and Odh are within 0.36 map units of each other and have not been separated by recombination; this pair of loci occur about 48 map units from Xo. During mapping experiments, no evidence for genetical recombination was found in male G. m. morsitans.

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Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). VII. Location of G6pd in linkage group I, and Alkph in linkage group II

Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology ◽

10.1139/g83-005 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 30-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. H. Gooding

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Linkage Group ◽

Xanthine Oxidase ◽

Aldehyde Oxidase ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Body Color ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii ◽

Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

In Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood the locus for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6pd, was found to be in linkage group I, approximately 35 to 42 map units to the left of ocra, the locus for body color. The locus for midgut alkaline phosphatase, Alkph, was found to be in linkage group II, within 0.41 map units of the locus for xanthine oxidase, Xo. The distance from Xo to the locus for aldehyde oxidase, Ao, was confirmed to be about 42 map units. No evidence for genetical recombination was found in male G. m. morsitans.

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Genetic basis of sterility in hybrids from crosses of Glossina morsitans submorsitans and Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Genome ◽

10.1139/g89-472 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 479-485 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. H. Gooding

Keyword(s):

Linkage Group ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Hybrid Sterility ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Hybrid Male ◽

X Chromosomes ◽

Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽

Group Ii

Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood carrying two marker genes on the X chromosome, two in linkage group II, and one in linkage group III were hybridized. About 17% of the F1 and from 33 to 56% of the backcross males fertilized G. m. submorsitans, but only one F1 and two backcross males fertilized G. m. morsitans. Similarly, F1 and backcross females were fertilized by G. m. submorsitans but rarely by G. m. morsitans. Chromosomal composition of F1 and backcross males indicated that hybrid male sterility is due to incompatibility of the X chromosome from one subspecies and the Y from the other subspecies or possibly an incompatibility between X chromosomes and autosomes from different subspecies. Results are discussed in the context of a model for evolution of X and Y incompatibility and a model for evolution of maternally inherited factors that cause unidirectional sterility in males. In hybrid females, intrachromosomal recombination was suppressed in the X chromosome and in linkage group II. Fertility of backcross females, mated to G. m. submorsitans, could not be related to the chromosomal composition of the females.Key words: Glossina, hybrid sterility, tsetse, X chromosomes.

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Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). XIV. Map locations of the loci for phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

Genome ◽

10.1139/g92-106 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 699-701 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

R. H. Gooding ◽

B. M. Rolseth

Keyword(s):

Linkage Group ◽

Linkage Map ◽

Malate Dehydrogenase ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Group Iii ◽

Intrachromosomal Recombination ◽

Group I

The locus for phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) was mapped at less than 1.2 recombination units from the locus for arginine phophokinase (Apk) in linkage group I, the X chromosome. Linkage group III loci were mapped in the order sabr (long scutellar apical bristles in females), Mdh (malate dehydrogenase), and Pgi (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase). The loci sabr and Mdh were separated by 39.3 ± 4.6 recombination units, and Mdh and Pgi were separated by 45.5 ± 4.7 recombination units. Intrachromosomal recombination was rare or did not occur in males. Previously published recombination distances are summarized as a linkage map for the 16 loci that have been mapped in Glossina morsitans morsitans.Key words: tsetse, linkage map, phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase.

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Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). IX. Definition of linkage group III and further mapping of linkage groups I and II

Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology ◽

10.1139/g84-040 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 253-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. H. Gooding

Keyword(s):

Linkage Group ◽

Aldehyde Oxidase ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Linkage Groups ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Malic Dehydrogenase ◽

Group Iii ◽

Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽

Group I ◽

The Right

In Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, linkage group III is defined as the autosome carrying the locus Mdh (malic dehydrogenase), the only locus so far identified in this linkage group. The locus αGpd.2 (α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase) was located 45 map units (MU) to the left of Xo (xanthine oxidase) and the loci Est.1 and Est.2 (loci for two esterases found in the thorax) were mapped approximately 5–10 MU to the right of Ao (aldehyde oxidase) in linkage group II. The location of G6pd (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) has been confirmed to be approximately 37 MU to the left of oc (ocra body color) in linkage group I and it was shown that this region of the X chromosome does not involve the large paracentric inversion found in the Handeni line. A genetic map for 12 loci in the three linkage groups found in G. m. morsitans is presented.Key words: Diptera, Glossina, mapping, inversion, isozymes.

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A comparative genetical study on DDT resistance in adults and larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti L

Genetics Research ◽

10.1017/s0016672300010971 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 219-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

R. J. Wood

Keyword(s):

Linkage Group ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Major Gene ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Fourth Larval Stage ◽

Ddt Resistance ◽

Group Ii ◽

The Difference ◽

Two Stages

Inheritance of DDT resistance has been studied in crosses between the highly resistant ‘T’ strain of A. aegypti (constituted by inbreeding from the TRINIDAD DDT-resistant stock) and the ‘64’ susceptible strain.Larval DDT resistance derives from a major gene RDDT1 on linkage group II, the order being RDDT1–s–y. Linkage group III may also contribute to larval resistance. Linkage group I makes no contribution.Adult DDT resistance derives from a major gene RDDT2, 18·2 ± 2·1 units from the market blt on linkage group III. Linkage group II has no influence on adult resistance.Selection with DDT to retain only RDDT1/+ segregants in larvae of backcrosses RDDT1/+×+/+ did not increase resistance in resulting adults, confirming the difference in genetic mechanism at the two stages.The F1 progenies from reciprocal crosses between ‘T’ and ‘64’ differed slightly but significantly in larval resistance, modifying the influence of the major gene RDDT1 in the heterozygote.The early developmental stages of the RDDT1/+ phenotype (up to the fourth larval stage) were more viable than the +/+ phenotype in backcross segregation. The difference in mortality probably exceeded 30%.

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Ultrastructural Lesions Produced by Alcohol and Sucrose in the Heart and Liver of C57BL Mice

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100068035 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 208-209

Author(s):

K.K. SEKHRI ◽

C.S. ALEXANDER ◽

H.T. NAGASAWA

Keyword(s):

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

Male Mice ◽

Alcohol Group ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

C57bl Mice ◽

Group Ii

C57BL male mice (Jackson Lab., Bar Harbor, Maine) weighing about 18 gms were randomly divided into three groups: group I was fed sweetened liquid alcohol diet (modified Schenkl) in which 36% of the calories were derived from alcohol; group II was maintained on a similar diet but alcohol was isocalorically substituted by sucrose; group III was fed regular mouse chow ad lib for five months. Liver and heart tissues were fixed in 2.5% cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon-araldite.

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Heterogeneity and Immunochemical Properties of Anti-β2-glycoprotein I Autoantibodies

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1615218 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 80 (09) ◽

pp. 393-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

V. Regnault ◽

E. Hachulla ◽

L. Darnige ◽

B. Roussel ◽

J. C. Bensa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluid Phase ◽

Anticardiolipin Antibodies ◽

Dual Reactivity ◽

Group Iii ◽

Important Group ◽

Epitope Specificity ◽

Glycoprotein I ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii ◽

Sufficient Concentration

SummaryMost anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are directed against epitopes expressed on β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI). Despite a good correlation between standard ACA assays and those using purified human β2GPI as the sole antigen, some sera from APS patients only react in the latter. This is indicative of heterogeneity in anti-β2GPI antibodies. To characterize their reactivity profiles, human and bovine β2GPI were immobilized on γ-irradiated plates (β2GPI-ELISA), plain polystyrene precoated with increasing cardiolipin concentrations (CL/β2GPI-ELISA), and affinity columns. Fluid-phase inhibition experiments were also carried out with both proteins. Of 56 selected sera, restricted recognition of bovine or human β2GPI occurred respectively in 10/29 IgA-positive and 9/22 IgM-positive samples, and most of the latter (8/9) were missed by the standard ACA assay, as expected from a previous study. Based on species specificity and ACA results, IgG-positive samples (53/56) were categorized into three groups: antibodies reactive to bovine β2GPI only (group I) or to bovine and human β2GPI, group II being ACA-negative, and group III being ACA-positive. The most important group, group III (n = 33) was characterized by (i) binding when β2GPI was immobilized on γ-irradiated polystyrene or cardiolipin at sufficient concentration (regardless of β2GPI density, as assessed using 125I-β2GPI); (ii) and low avidity binding to fluid-phase β2GPI (Kd in the range 10–5 M). In contrast, all six group II samples showed (i) ability to bind human and bovine β2GPI immobilized on non-irradiated plates; (ii) concentration-dependent blockade of binding by cardiolipin, suggesting epitope location in the vicinity of the phospholipid binding site on native β2GPI; (iii) and relative avidities approximately 100-fold higher than in group III. Group I patients were heterogeneous with respect to CL/β2GPI-ELISA and ACA results (6/14 scored negative), possibly reflecting antibody differences in terms of avidity and epitope specificity. Affinity fractionation of 23 sera showed the existence, in individual patients, of various combinations of antibody subsets solely reactive to human or bovine β2GPI, together with cross-species reactive subsets present in all samples with dual reactivity namely groups III and II, although the latter antibodies were poorly purified on either column. Therefore, the mode of presentation of β2GPI greatly influences its recognition by anti-β2GPI antibodies with marked inter-individual heterogeneity, in relation to ACA quantitation and, possibly, disease presentation and pathogenesis.

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Oxygen Fraction Adjustment According to Body Surface Area during Extracorporeal Circulation

The Heart Surgery Forum ◽

10.1532/hsf.1325 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 098

Author(s):

Cem Arıtürk ◽

Serpil Ustalar Özgen ◽

Behiç Danışan ◽

Hasan Karabulut ◽

Fevzi Toraman

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

Extracorporeal Circulation ◽

Group Iii ◽

Oxygen Fraction ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

Background: The inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO2) is usually set between 60% and 100% during conventional extracorporeal circulation (ECC). However, this strategy causes partial oxygen pressure (PaO2) to reach hyperoxemic levels (>180 mmHg). During anesthetic management of cardiothoracic surgery it is important to keep PaO2 levels between 80-180 mmHg. The aim of this study was to assess whether adjusting FiO2 levels in accordance with body temperature and body surface area (BSA) during ECC is an effective method for maintaining normoxemic PaO2 during cardiac surgery.Methods: After approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Acıbadem, informed consent was given from 60 patients. FiO2 adjustment strategies applied to the patients in the groups were as follows: FiO2 levels were set as 0.21 × BSA during hypothermia and 0.21 × BSA + 10 during rewarming in Group I; 0.18 × BSA during hypothermia and 0.18 × BSA + 15 during rewarming in Group II; and 0.18 × BSA during hypothermia and variable with body temperature during rewarming in Group III. Arterial blood gas values and hemodynamic parameters were recorded before ECC (T1); at the 10th minute of cross clamp (T2); when the esophageal temperature (OT) reached 34°C (T3); when OT reached 36°C (T4); and just before the cessation of ECC (T5).Results: Mean PaO2 was significantly higher in Group I than in Group II at T2 and T3 (P = .0001 and P = .0001, respectively); in Group I than in Group III at T1 (P = .02); and in Group II than in Group III at T2, T3, and T4 (P = .0001 for all). Conclusion: Adjustment of FiO2 according to BSA rather than keeping it at a constant level is more appropriate for keeping PaO2 between safe level limits. However, since oxygen consumption of cells vary with body temperature, it would be appropriate to set FiO2 levels in concordance with the body temperature in the rewarming period.

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