Transverse Spectra of Secondary Particles

Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Joon Ha Chang ◽  
Jun Young Cheong ◽  
Yoonsu Shim ◽  
Jae Yeol Park ◽  
Sung Joo Kim ◽  
...  

Co3O4 nanograins-interconnected secondary particle (Co3O4 NISP) is proposed as lithium-ion battery anode material that can offer high volumetric capacity by less formation of insulating CoO during lithiation process.


2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (29) ◽  
pp. 7032-7034 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. YULDASHBAEV ◽  
KH. NURITDINOV

According to Pamir X-ray Emulsion Chamber (XEC) experimental data at the energies E est > 2 × 1016 eV the fraction of events with four "aligned" most energetic particles increases sharply for families without leading secondary particles. That energy dependence is not described by Quark Gluon String Models.


2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MOHERY ◽  
N. N. ABD-ALLAH

The characteristics of the interactions of 4.5 A GeV/c 28 Si nuclei with emulsion have been investigated. The method of separating interactions into those with hydrogen, light and heavy target nuclei has been discussed. The multiplicity distribution, average multiplicities, multiplicity correlation and the angular distributions of the secondary particles emitted in 28 Si -emulsion are calculated according to the Modified Fritiof Model and compared with the experimental data and with other available data for p, 12 C , 24 Mg at the same energy. It has been found that the modified Fritiof model can describe the multiplicity characteristics of the different emitted particles in the above-mentioned interaction with different target groups. The comparison of the experimental data with the modified Fritiof model shows no clear preference for the case of the light target while it seems to be nearer to the experimental data in the case of the heavy target and the emulsion


2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 2879-2899 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Robert ◽  
G Dedes ◽  
G Battistoni ◽  
T T Böhlen ◽  
I Buvat ◽  
...  

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ahmad ◽  
H Ahrar ◽  
A R Khan ◽  
A Ahmad ◽  
M Irfan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 4289-4330 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Riuttanen ◽  
M. Dal Maso ◽  
G. de Leeuw ◽  
I. Riipinen ◽  
L. Sogacheva ◽  
...  

Abstract. Finland experienced extraordinary smoke episodes in 2006. The smoke was measured at the three SMEAR measurement network stations in Finland after it had been transported several hundreds of kilometers from burning areas in Eastern Europe. A trajectory method combining MODIS fire detections and HYSPLIT trajectories enabled us to separate the effect of biomass burning smoke from the measured concentrations and also study the changes in the smoke during its transport. The long-range transported smoke included at least NOx, SO2, CO2, CO, black carbon and fine aerosol particles, peaking at 100 to 200 nm size. The most reliable smoke markers were CO and SO2, especially when combined with particle data, for which black carbon or the condensation sink are very effective parameters separating the smoke episodes from no-smoke episodes. Signs of fresh secondary particles was observed based on the particle number size distribution data. While transported from south to north, particles grew in size, even after transport of tens of hours and several hundreds of kilometres. No new aerosol particle formation events were observed at the measurement sites during the smoke periods.


Author(s):  
Н.С. Хаердинов ◽  
Д.Д. Джаппуев ◽  
К.Д. Канониди ◽  
А.У. Куджаев ◽  
А.С. Лидванский ◽  
...  

Используя метод диагностики электрического состояния грозовой атмосферы по вариациям вторичных частиц космических лучей, регистрируемых установкой «Ковёр» БНО ИЯИ РАН, обнаружено явление взаимного влияния магнитосферной бури и грозовой активности. Установлено, что во время магнитосферных суббурь малой мощности, на предварительной стадии и в начале фазы развития, возможно проникновение магнитосферно — ионосферных возмущений на средние широты (∼40° с.ш.) над грозовыми очагами. Этот эффект проявляется в виде диффузного свечения типа «полярное сияние» яркостью ∼3 ·10-4 кд·м-² и локальных возмущений электрического поля с характерной разностью потенциалов в тропосфере ±100 МВ. Зарегистрировано локальное магнитное возмущение (∼1 нТл), соответствующее возникновению локального вертикального тока в атмосфере, максимум которого совпал с началом взрывной фазы зарождения суббури. Using the method of diagnosing the electrical state of a thunderstorm atmosphere by variations of the secondary particles of cosmic rays recorded by the Carpet air shower array of the Baksan Neutrino Observatory (North Caucasus), the phenomenon of the mutual influence of a magnetic storm and thunderstorm activity was discovered. It has been established that during magnetic substorms of low power, at the preliminary stage and at the beginning of the development phase, penetration of magnetospheric–ionospheric disturbances at mid latitudes (∼400 N) above lightning centers is possible. This effect manifests itself in the form of a diffuse glow of the aurora type with a brightness of ∼3 ·10-4 cd·m-² and local disturbances of the electric field with a characteristic potential difference in the troposphere of order of  ±100 MV. A local magnetic disturbance (∼ 1 nT) was recorded, corresponding to the appearance of a local vertical current in the atmosphere, whose maximum coincided with the beginning of the expansion phase of substorm nucleation.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Ivan A. Konobeev ◽  
Yurij A. Kurachenko ◽  
Igor’ N. Sheino

It is experimentally proven that nanoparticles of high-Z materials can be used as radiosensitizers for photon beam therapy. In the authors’ opinion, data available as of today on the impact of secondary particles (electrons, photons and positrons generated in biological tissue by penetrating beam of primary photons) on the distribution of deposited dose during photon beam therapy in the presence of nanoparticles, are insufficient. Investigation of this impact constituted the main goal of this work. Two-stage simulation was performed using Geant4 platform. During the first stage a layer of biological tissue (water) was irradiated by monoenergetic photon sources with energies ranging from 10 keV to 6 MeV. As the result of this modeling spectra of electrons, photons and positrons were obtained at the depth of 5 cm. During the second stage the obtained photon spectra were used to irradiate gold, gadolinium and water nanoparticles. Radial distributions of energy deposited around nanoparticles were obtained as the result of this modeling. Radial DEF (Dose Enhancement Factor) values around nanoparticles of gold and gadolinium positioned in water at the depth of 5 cm were obtained after processing the collected data. Contributions from primary photons and secondary particles (electrons, photons and positrons generated in the layer of water with 5-cm thickness by the penetrating beam of primary photons) in the additional dose deposited around the nanoparticles were calculated as well. It was demonstrated that layer of biological tissue placed between the source of photons and nanoparticles considerably changes the initial spectrum of photons and this change is significant in the analysis of mechanism of radiosensitization of biological tissues by nanoparticles for all energies of photon sources (up to 6 MeV). It was established that interaction of electrons and positrons with nanoparticles does not lead to significant increase of additional dose in the vicinity of their surfaces and can be most likely excluded from consideration in the analysis of radiosensitization mechanism of nanoparticles.


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