Treatment of Light-Induced Degradation for Solar Cells in a p-PERC Solar Module via Induction Heating

In the photovoltaic industry, there is great interest in increasing the power output of solar cells to achieve grid parity and to promote the widespread use of solar cells. However, despite many developments, a phenomenon called light-induced degradation causes the efficiency of solar cells to deteriorate over time. This study proposes a treatment that can be applied to cells within solar modules. It uses a half-bridge resonance circuit to induce a magnetic field and selectively heat Al electrodes in the solar cells. The electrical state of a solar module was measured in real time as it was being heated, and the results were combined with a kinetics simulation using a cyclic reaction. As the temperature of the solar module increased, the time taken to reach the saturation point and the recovery time decreased. Moreover, the value of the saturation point increased. The light-induced degradation activation energy was similar to results in the existing literature, suggesting that the kinetic model was valid and applicable even when 72 cells were connected in series. This demonstrates that an entire solar module can be treated when the cells are connected in series, and in future multiple modules, could be connected in series during treatment.

Manifestations of global disturbances of the geomagnetic field in dynamics of thunderstorms

Используя метод диагностики электрического состояния грозовой атмосферы по вариациям вторичных частиц космических лучей, регистрируемых установкой «Ковёр» БНО ИЯИ РАН, обнаружено явление взаимного влияния магнитосферной бури и грозовой активности. Установлено, что во время магнитосферных суббурь малой мощности, на предварительной стадии и в начале фазы развития, возможно проникновение магнитосферно — ионосферных возмущений на средние широты (∼40° с.ш.) над грозовыми очагами. Этот эффект проявляется в виде диффузного свечения типа «полярное сияние» яркостью ∼3 ·10-4 кд·м-² и локальных возмущений электрического поля с характерной разностью потенциалов в тропосфере ±100 МВ. Зарегистрировано локальное магнитное возмущение (∼1 нТл), соответствующее возникновению локального вертикального тока в атмосфере, максимум которого совпал с началом взрывной фазы зарождения суббури. Using the method of diagnosing the electrical state of a thunderstorm atmosphere by variations of the secondary particles of cosmic rays recorded by the Carpet air shower array of the Baksan Neutrino Observatory (North Caucasus), the phenomenon of the mutual influence of a magnetic storm and thunderstorm activity was discovered. It has been established that during magnetic substorms of low power, at the preliminary stage and at the beginning of the development phase, penetration of magnetospheric–ionospheric disturbances at mid latitudes (∼400 N) above lightning centers is possible. This effect manifests itself in the form of a diffuse glow of the aurora type with a brightness of ∼3 ·10-4 cd·m-² and local disturbances of the electric field with a characteristic potential difference in the troposphere of order of ±100 MV. A local magnetic disturbance (∼ 1 nT) was recorded, corresponding to the appearance of a local vertical current in the atmosphere, whose maximum coincided with the beginning of the expansion phase of substorm nucleation.

Connected Variations of Meteorological and Electrical Quantities of Surface Atmosphere under the Influence of Heavy Rain

The electrical state of the surface atmosphere changes significantly under the influence of cloudiness and atmospheric phenomena, including atmospheric precipitation. These features can be used for possible diagnostics of precipitation and improvement of their characteristics based on variations of atmospheric-electrical quantities in the surface layer. Studies of variations of meteorological and atmospheric-electrical quantities in the surface layer were carried out during the heavy rainfall associated with the cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds passage. Meteorological and atmospheric-electrical observations in the Geophysical Observatory of the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems are presented in this paper. Precipitation data are used to identify periods of heavy rainfall ≥ 5 mm/h. Information of weather stations and satellites is used to separate the heavy rainfall events by synoptic conditions like thunderstorms and showers of frontal or internal air masses. We find that rains associated with the frontal Cb clouds produce more abrupt changes in negative electrical conductivity in comparison with the Cb clouds in internal air masses. The significant increase in negative electrical conductivity (more than two times vs. normal values) occurs typically during the passage of frontal Cb and heavy rain with droplet size greater than 4 mm.

Acoustically driven electromagnetic radiating elements

The low propagation loss of electromagnetic radiation below 1 MHz offers significant opportunities for low power, long range communication systems to meet growing demand for Internet of Things applications. However, the fundamental reduction in efficiency as antenna size decreases below a wavelength (30 m at 1 MHz) has made portable communication systems in the very low frequency (VLF: 3–30 kHz) and low frequency (30–300 kHz) ranges impractical for decades. A paradigm shift to piezoelectric antennas utilizing strain-driven currents at resonant wavelengths up to five orders of magnitude smaller than electrical antennas offers the promise for orders of magnitude efficiency improvement over the electrical state-of-the-art. This work demonstrates a lead zirconate titanate transmitter > 6000 times more efficient than a comparably sized electrical antenna and capable of bit rates up to 60 bit/s. Detailed analysis of design parameters offers a roadmap for significant future improvement in both radiation efficiency and data rate.

The Study on Simulation of Resistance in Stall Motor

The stall phenomenon which happens in loaded motor is unqualification in application. Meanwhile it may measure the maximum property of motor in manufacture. So the phenomenon is analyzed to find a simulation of electrical state to predict the maximum currency and torque which is a necessary method to be proceeded up to now before design. We find that the simulation fits well to the reference. The conditions of t=60s,U=22V result in the biggest stall force according to rotation to change time and voltage. Then it is t=90s,U=17V; t=30s,U=27V and t=120s,U=12V in turns. As for torque it is t=30s,U=27V; t=60s,U=22V;t=90s,U=17V and t=120s,U=12V in truns.

Membrane Environment Enables Ultrafast Isomerization of Amphiphilic Azobenzene -INVITED

We report on the isomerization dynamics of an amphiphilic azobenzene that dwells within the plasma membrane. We found that in aggregates formed in water, the isomerization reaction is hindered, while radiative deactivation is favoured. However, once in the membrane, the molecule reacquires its isomerisation capacity. These data fully account for the recently reported experiments in neurons, showing that the amphiphilic azobenzenes are effective light actuators for the modification of the electrical state of the membrane.