Tunable Voltage-Mode Bandpass Biquad Synthesis Using NAM Expansion Method
The synthesis of voltage-mode parameter tunable biquadratic bandpass filters using grounded capacitors is presented. To easily construct high-order filters, the synthesis of voltage-mode cascadable tunable biquadratic bandpass filters is also indicated. The synthesis procedure is based on the nodal admittance matrix (NAM) expansion method using nullor–mirror pathological elements. The synthesis of filters using grounded capacitors is considered since it is helpful for easing the elimination/accommodation of various parasitic effects for monolithic integration. The Q factor of the derived filters can be adjusted without changing the natural frequency, so the high-Q bandpass filters are attainable. The workability of some synthesized circuits is verified by HSPICE simulations.