Structural Failure Mechanisms of Common Flexor Tendon Repairs

Hand Surgery ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 369-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Sebastian Peltz ◽  
Roger Haddad ◽  
Peter James Scougall ◽  
Sean Nicklin ◽  
Mark Peter Gianoutsos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Biomechanical Testing ◽  
Tendon Repair ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Biomechanical Stability ◽  
Repair Method ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Repair Techniques

Background: This study investigated the exact failure mechanisms of the most commonly used conventional tendon repair techniques. A new method, radiographing repair constructs in antero-posterior and lateral projections before and after tensioning was used. This allowed to precisely analyse failure mechanisms in regards to geometrical changes in all three dimensions. Additionally the biomechanical stability focusing on gapping was tested. Methods: Sheep fore limb deep flexor tendons were harvested and divided in eight groups of ten tendons. Three common variants of the Kessler repair method and four common 4-strand repair techniques were tested. Additionally a new modification of the Adelaide repair was tested. Results: Biomechanical testing showed no significant differences in gapping for the three tested 2-strand Kessler repair groups. Once a double Kessler or 4-strand Kessler repair was performed the stability of the repair improved significantly. Further significant improvements in biomechanical stability could be achieved by using cross locks in the repair like in the Adelaide repair method. Qualitative analysis using radiographs showed that all Kessler repair variants unfolded via rotations around the transverse suturing component, no matter which variant was used. Conclusions: Additional to the commonly described constriction of the repair construct, the rotating deformation is the main reason for repair site gapping in Kessler tendon repair methods. The term “locking” in a Kessler repair is misleading. The cruciate repairs tended to loose grip and drag (cheese-wire) through the tendon and therefore lead to gapping. The most stable repair constructs in all three dimensions were the Adelaide repair and its interlocking modification. This is due to the superior anchoring qualities of its cross locks and three dimensional stability.

scholarly journals Evolution of a narrow-band spectrum of random surface gravity waves

2003 ◽  
Vol 478 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRISTIAN B. DYSTHE ◽  
KARSTEN TRULSEN ◽  
HARALD E. KROGSTAD ◽  
HERVÉ SOCQUET-JUGLARD
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Band Spectrum ◽  
Nls Equation ◽  
Random Surface ◽  
Narrow Bandwidth ◽  
Quasi Stationary State ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Three Dimensional Simulations

Numerical simulations of the evolution of gravity wave spectra of fairly narrow bandwidth have been performed both for two and three dimensions. Simulations using the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation approximately verify the stability criteria of Alber (1978) in the two-dimensional but not in the three-dimensional case. Using a modified NLS equation (Trulsen et al. 2000) the spectra ‘relax’ towards a quasi-stationary state on a timescale (ε2ω0)−1. In this state the low-frequency face is steepened and the spectral peak is downshifted. The three-dimensional simulations show a power-law behaviour ω−4 on the high-frequency side of the (angularly integrated) spectrum.

scholarly journals Dynamics of gravity–capillary solitary waves in deep water

2012 ◽  
Vol 708 ◽  
pp. 480-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhan Wang ◽  
Paul A. Milewski
Keyword(s):  
Solitary Waves ◽  
Water Waves ◽  
Periodic Structures ◽  
Time Integration ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Numerical Time Integration ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Nonlinear Focusing

AbstractThe dynamics of solitary gravity–capillary water waves propagating on the surface of a three-dimensional fluid domain is studied numerically. In order to accurately compute complex time-dependent solutions, we simplify the full potential flow problem by using surface variables and taking a particular cubic truncation possessing a Hamiltonian with desirable properties. This approximation agrees remarkably well with the full equations for the bifurcation curves, wave profiles and the dynamics of solitary waves for a two-dimensional fluid domain, and with higher-order truncations in three dimensions. Fully localized solitary waves are then computed in the three-dimensional problem and the stability and interaction of both line and localized solitary waves are investigated via numerical time integration of the equations. There are many solitary wave branches, indexed by their finite energy as their amplitude tends to zero. The dynamics of the solitary waves is complex, involving nonlinear focusing of wavepackets, quasi-elastic collisions, and the generation of propagating, spatially localized, time-periodic structures akin to breathers.

Stability and Robustness of a 3D Slip Model for Walking Using Lateral Leg Placement Control

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Budday ◽  
Fabian Bauer ◽  
Justin Seipel
Keyword(s):  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Slip Model ◽  
The Stability

The SLIP model has shown a way to easily represent the center of mass dynamics of human walking and running. For 2D motions in the sagittal plane, the model shows self-stabilizing effects that can be very useful when designing a humanoid robot. However, this self-stability could not be found in three-dimensional running, but simple control strategies achieved stabilization of running in three dimensions. Yet, 3D walking with SLIP has not been analyzed to the same extent. In this paper we show that three-dimensional humanoid SLIP walking is also unstable, but can be stabilized using the same strategy that has been successful for running. It is shown that this approach leads to the desired periodic solutions. Furthermore, the influence of different parameters on stability and robustness is examined. Using a performance test to simulate the transition from an upright position to periodic walking we show that the stability is robust. With a comparison of common models for humanoid walking and running it is shown that the simple control mechanism is able to achieve stable solutions for all models, providing a very general approach to this problem. The derived results point out preferable parameters to increase robustness promising the possibility of successfully realizing a humanoid walking robot based on 3D SLIP.

scholarly journals A Systematic Study of the Fracturing of Ronne - Filchner Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Using Multisource Satellite Data from 2001 to 2016

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongxing Li ◽  
Haifeng Xiao ◽  
Shijie Liu ◽  
Xiaohua Tong
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Sar Imagery ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fracture Mapping ◽  
New Framework

Abstract. We propose a new framework of systematic fracture mapping and major calving event prediction for the large ice shelves in Antarctica using multisource satellite data, including optical imagery, SAR imagery, altimetric data, and stereo mapping imagery. The new framework is implemented and applied for a comprehensive study of the fracturing of Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf (RFIS), the second largest ice shelf in Antarctica, using a long time dataset dating back to 1957. New remote sensing data that have been made available in the past decade, including Landsat 8, WV-2, ZY-3 and others, greatly enhance our abilities to detect new fractures and monitor large rifts in three dimensions. Two large rifts, Rifts 1 and 2, were newly detected and are comparable to the Grand Chasm that caused a major calving event in the region in 1986. Three-dimensional rift models generated from quasi real-time stereo ZY-3 images revealed important topographic information about the large rifts that can be used to improve the reliability of ice shelf modeling and support enhanced analyses of ice shelf stability. Based on the results of the 2D and 3D fracture mapping, the spatial and temporal analyses of the overall fracture changes and large rift evolutions, i.e., the level of fracturing in RFIS, were slightly increased, particularly at the front of the ice sheet. The overall fracture observations do not seem to suggest immediate significant impacts on the stability of the shelf. However, the most active regional fracturing activities occurred at the front of Filchner Ice Shelf (FIS). A potential upcoming major calving event of FIS is estimated to occur in 2051. The stability of the ice shelf, particularly with regard to the developments of Rifts 1 and 2, should be closely monitored.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional X-Ray Imaging and Analysis of Fungi on and in Wood

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Matthieu Boone ◽  
Joris Van Acker ◽  
Luc Van Hoorebeke
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fungal Exposure ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fundamental Research

AbstractAs wood is prone to fungal degradation, fundamental research is necessary to increase our knowledge aiming at product improvement. Several imaging modalities are capable of visualizing fungi, but the X-ray equipment presented in this article can envisage fungal mycelium in wood nondestructively in three dimensions with submicron resolution. Four types of wood subjected to the action of the white rot fungusCoriolus versicolor(Linnaeus) Quélet (CTB 863 A) were scanned using an X-ray-based approach. Comparison of wood volumes before and after fungal exposure, segmented manually or semiautomatically, showed the presence of the fungal mass on and in the wood samples and therefore demonstrated the usefulness of computed X-ray tomography for mycological and wood research. Further improvements to the experimental setup are necessary to resolve individual hyphae and enhance segmentation.

Spatial Distribution of Gravity-Dependent Gain Changes in the Vestibuloocular Reflex

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 3693-3698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei B. Yakushin ◽  
Yongqing Xiang ◽  
Theodore Raphan ◽  
Bernard Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Head Position ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Vestibuloocular Reflex ◽  
Gain Adaptation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

This study determined whether dependence of angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR) gain adaptation on gravity is a fundamental property in three dimensions. Horizontal aVOR gains were adaptively increased or decreased in two cynomolgus monkeys in upright, side down, prone, and supine positions, and aVOR gains were tested in darkness by yaw rotation with the head in a wide variety of orientations. Horizontal aVOR gain changes peaked at the head position in which the adaptation took place and gradually decreased as the head moved away from this position in any direction. The gain changes were plotted as a function of head tilt and fit with a sinusoid plus a bias to obtain the gravity-dependent (amplitude) and gravity-independent (bias) components. Peak-to-peak gravity-dependent gain changes in planes containing the position of adaptation and the magnitude of the gravity-independent components were both ∼25%. We assumed that gain changes over three-dimensional space could be described by a sinusoid the amplitude of which also varied sinusoidally. Using gain changes obtained from the head position in which the gains were adapted, a three-dimensional surface was generated that was qualitatively similar to a surface obtained from the experimental data. This extends previous findings on vertical aVOR gain adaptation in one plane and introduces a conceptual framework for understanding plasticity in three dimensions: aVOR gain changes are composed of two components, one of which depends on head position relative to gravity. It is likely that this gravitational dependence optimizes the stability of retinal images during movement in three-dimensional space.

scholarly journals Stability Analysis of a Slurry Trench in Cohesive-Frictional Soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 888-900
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Chengping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Local Stability ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Local Failure ◽  
Underground Engineering ◽  
Strength Reduction Technique ◽  
Slurry Trench ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Rotational Failure

Abstract The slurry trench has become increasingly common in underground engineering and the stability of a slurry trench has been an important design issue. Although many studies have focused on the overall stability of a slurry trench, few of that are related to its local stability. Based on the limit analysis, both two dimensional and three dimensional rotational failure mechanisms for the local failure of a slurry trench in a sandwiched weak layer are proposed, and the upper solutions of 2D and 3D safety factors for local failure mechanisms are derived to evaluate the stability of a slurry trench. Moreover, a numerical analysis combined with the strength reduction technique is performed to investigate the local stability and the local failure process of a slurry trench. The proposed analytical method is verified through the comparison with the results of FLAC3D. Finally, a parametric study on the influences of geometric and geologic parameters on the local stability of the slurry trench are investigated. The results show that the investigation on the local stability of a slurry trench is effective and reasonable, which can provide a reference for the engineers in the practical engineering.

scholarly journals Systematic stability analysis, evaluation and testing process, and platform for grid-connected power electronic equipment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziqian Zhang ◽  
Robert Schürhuber ◽  
Lothar Fickert ◽  
Katrin Friedl ◽  
Guochu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Power System ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Power Electronic ◽  
System Behavior ◽  
Linear Behaviour ◽  
The Stability

AbstractThe proportion of grid-connected power electronic equipment is already large enough to influence the dynamic characteristics of the modern power system. Ensuring the stability of grid-connected power electronic equipment in all relevant situations is one of the foundations for reliable power system operation. In contrast to conventional rotating machines, the stability of power electronic devices mostly depends on the applied control strategy, and a large diversity of different complex control strategies are in practical use. Also, the investigation of stability of such systems needs to take into account the non-linear behaviour of the power electronic equipment. These are the main reasons why the system behavior of grid-connected power electronic equipment cannot be reproduced satisfactorily when aplying a single method of stability analysis, evaluation and testing method. During the last years, faults which led to tripping of converters due to stability problems occurred frequently even though standardized fault compliance tests were performed on these converters. In this paper these stability issues are analyzed. Also, a three-dimensional stability analysis method is suggested in order to comprehensively cover system behavior. The three dimensions are the time/scale dimension, the equipment number dimension and the local or global range of the stability analysis dimension. Based on this three-dimensional framework, this paper proposes a stability evaluation as well as a test process applying a hardware-in-the-loop test concept. Through the verification and testing of the stability of the actual grid-connected power electronic equipment, the method proposed in this paper is verified for up-to-date equipment.

A Finite Volume Scheme for Three-Dimensional Diffusion Equations

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 650-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Lai ◽  
Zhiqiang Sheng ◽  
Guangwei Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Finite Volume Scheme ◽  
Order Convergence ◽  
Order Accuracy ◽  
First Order ◽  
Dimensional Diffusion ◽  
Material Discontinuities ◽  
The Stability ◽  
New Iterative Method

AbstractThe extension of diamond scheme for diffusion equation to three dimensions is presented. The discrete normal flux is constructed by a linear combination of the directional flux along the line connecting cell-centers and the tangent flux along the cell-faces. In addition, it treats material discontinuities by a new iterative method. The stability and first-order convergence of the method is proved on distorted meshes. The numerical results illustrate that the method appears to be approximate second-order accuracy for solution.

scholarly journals Design of composite scaffolds and three-dimensional shape analysis for tissue-engineered ear

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (87) ◽  
pp. 20130413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Cervantes ◽  
Erik K. Bassett ◽  
Alan Tseng ◽  
Anya Kimura ◽  
Nick Roscioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shape Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Local Curvature ◽  
Aesthetic Result ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Titanium Wire ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Length Width

Engineered cartilage is a promising option for auricular reconstruction. We have previously demonstrated that a titanium wire framework within a composite collagen ear-shaped scaffold helped to maintain the gross dimensions of the engineered ear after implantation, resisting the deformation forces encountered during neocartilage maturation and wound healing. The ear geometry was redesigned to achieve a more accurate aesthetic result when implanted subcutaneously in a nude rat model. A non-invasive method was developed to assess size and shape changes of the engineered ear in three dimensions. Computer models of the titanium framework were obtained from CT scans before and after implantation . Several parameters were measured including the overall length, width and depth, the minimum intrahelical distance and overall curvature values for each beam section within the framework. Local curvature values were measured to gain understanding of the bending forces experienced by the framework structure in situ . Length and width changed by less than 2%, whereas the depth decreased by approximately 8% and the minimum intrahelical distance changed by approximately 12%. Overall curvature changes identified regions most susceptible to deformation. Eighty-nine per cent of local curvature measurements experienced a bending moment less than 50 µN-m owing to deformation forces during implantation. These quantitative shape analysis results have identified opportunities to improve shape fidelity of engineered ear constructs.

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