Intelligent Fracture Diagnostic Procedure Using Smart Microchip Proppants Data

Unconventional oil and gas reservoir development requires an understanding of the geometry and complexity of hydraulic fractures. The current categories of fracture diagnostic approaches include methods for near-wellbore (production and temperature logs, tracers, borehole imaging) and far-field techniques (micro-seismic fracture mapping). These techniques provide an indirect and/or interpreted fracture geometry. Therefore, none of these methods consistently provides a fully detailed and accurate description of the character of created hydraulic fractures. This study proposes a novel approach that uses direct data from the injected fine size and battery-less Smart MicroChip Proppants (SMPs) to map the fracture geometry. This novel approach enables direct, fast, and smart of the received high-resolution geo-sensor data from the SMPs collected in high pressure and high-temperature environment and maps the fracture network using the proposed Intelligent and Integrated Fracture Diagnostic Platform (IFDP), which is a closed-loop architecture and is based on multi-dimensional projection, unsupervised clustering, and surface reconstruction. Affine transformation and a shallow ANN are integrated to control the stochasticity of clustering. IFDP proves its efficacy in fracture diagnostics for 3 in-house design synthetic fracture networks, with 100% consistency, rated "fairly satisfied" to "highly satisfied" in prediction capability, and between 85-100% in execution robustness. The integration of the couple affine transformation-ANN increases the performance of unsupervised clustering in IFDP.

Multifragmentary patellar fracture has a distinct fracture pattern which makes coronal split, inferior pole, or satellite fragments

The present study aimed to map the location and frequency of fracture lines on the coronal articular and sagittal planes in multifragmentary patellar fractures. 66 multifragmentary patellar fractures were digitally reconstructed using the 3D CT mapping technique. The coronal articular surface and midsagittal fracture maps were produced by superimposing each case over a single template. Each fracture line was classified based on the initial displacement and orientation. We evaluated the frequency and direction of the fracture line, coronal split fragment area, and satellite and inferior pole fragment presence. Coronal articular surface fracture mapping identified primary horizontal fracture lines between the middle and inferior one-third of the articular surface in 63 patients (95.4%). Secondary horizontal fracture lines running on the inferior border of the articular facet were confirmed (83.3%). Secondary vertical fracture lines creating satellite fragments were mostly located on the periphery of the bilateral facet. Midsagittal fracture mapping of primary and secondary horizontal fracture lines with the main coronal fracture line revealed a predominantly X-shaped fracture map. The consequent coronal split fragment and inferior pole fracture were combined in most cases. In conclusion, the multifragmentary patellar fracture has a distinct pattern which makes coronal split, inferior pole, or satellite fragments.

I-GeoSensing Fracture Diagnostic I-GSFD for Fast Processing of the Smart Microchip Proppants Data

Unconventional oil and gas reservoir development requires an understanding of the geometry and complexity of the hydraulic fractures. The current categories of fracture diagnostic approaches include methods for near-wellbore (production & temperature logs, tracers, and borehole imaging) and far-field techniques (micro-seismic fracture mapping). These techniques provide an indirect and interpreted fracture geometry. Therefore, none of these methods consistently provides a fully detailed and accurate description of the characteristic of the subsurface hydraulic fractures. This study proposes a novel approach that uses direct data from the injected fine size (proppant Mesh size equivalence) and battery-less, Smart MicroChip Proppants (SMPs), to map the fracture geometry. This novel approach enables direct, fast, smart, and real-time processing of the received high-resolution geo-sensor data from the SMPs collected in high pressure and high-temperature environment and maps the fracture network using the proposed i-Geosensing Fracture Diagnostic (i-GSFD), which is a closed-loop architecture. i-GSFD is based on multi-dimensional projection unsupervised clustering, and integrated Bayesian optimizer to control the stochastic nature of any components in the loop.

The Tibial Plateau Map: Fracture Line Morphology of Intra-Articular Proximal Tibial Fractures

The purpose of this study was to characterize the patterns of a large series of tibial plateau fractures with the use of fracture mapping, with regard to different fracture types using the OTA/AO and Schatzker classification. Patients with intra-articular fractures of the tibial plateau were evaluated, using the OTA/AO and Schatzker classification on CT scans. For fracture mapping, the axial slice that completely displayed the tibial joint plane was first identified, then matched to a template congruently, and the fracture lines were identified and reproduced. In addition to epidemiological data (age and gender), the trauma mechanism (high-energy, low-energy, and pathological fracture) was recorded. In total, 271 patients with 278 intra-articular fractures of the tibial head were analyzed, including seven patients with both sides affected. The mean age was 49.1 years (men 46.3 years, women 53.5 years). The majority of fractures was caused by high-energy trauma. No significant difference could be shown with respect to trauma mechanism and resulting fracture type in terms of OTA/AO ( p = 0.352 ) or Schatzker classification ( p = 0.884 ). A significant difference could be found with respect to gender and resulting fracture type in terms of OTA/AO ( p = 0.031 ). 170 (61.2%) were OTA/AO type B fractures, and 108 (38.8%) were type C fractures. Using the Schatzker classification, we found 53 type I (19.1%), 60 type II (21.6%), 27 type III (9.7%), 32 type IV (11.5%), 16 type V (5.8%), and 90 type VI (32.4%) fractures. The main affection was found in the lateral and intermedial column of the tibial plateaus, concerning both OTA/AO and Schatzker classification. The variability of intra-articular tibial head fractures is very high. In consequence, an individual analysis of fracture patterns and therapy planning by using CT scans is crucial.

Translational medicine: What views and challenges do the fracture mapping?

BackgroundTranslational medicine（TM）is a bridge between basic science and clinical medicine. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature with respect to fracture mapping(FM) in orthopedics, to clarify what insights and challenges facing FM. MethodsA systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. We systematically searched the PubMed, Scopus, IEEE Digital Library, Web of Science database and references of relevant studies, from the establishment of the database through December 2020, for any and all data regarding the application of FM in orthopedics. ResultsA total of 2777 articles were retrieved, and 28 articles met the inclusion criteria. The application of fracture FM in orthopaedics was as follows: upper limbs (n=10, 35.71%), lower limbs (n=17, 60.71%), thoracolumbar spine (n=1, 3.58%). FM guided preoperative planning (n = 12, 42.86%), and conduce to identify the specific patterns of fractures (n=9, 32.14%), and illustrated the fracture morphology and guided clinical treatment (n=7, 25.00%). ConclusionFM represents a promising technique for describing the morphology of fracture. Moreover, potential promotion classification, preoperative planning, development of fixation concepts, and analysis of internal structure, but its clinical application is still limited. Thus, much further research is needed to determine the potential advantages of this new technique. If possible, guidelines are needed to facilitate the development of FM with regard to the required for developing this technic.

Induced Seismicity and Detailed Fracture Mapping as Tools for Evaluating HDR Reservoir Volume

The main goal of this paper was to estimate the heat exchange rock mass volume of a hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir based on microseismicity location. There are two types of recorded microseismicity: induced by flowing fluid (wet microseismicity) and induced by stress mechanisms (dry microseismicity). In this paper, an attempt was made to extract events associated with the injected fluid flow. The authors rejected dry microseismic events with no hydraulic connection with the stimulated fracture network so as to avoid overestimating the reservoir volume. The proposed algorithm, which includes the collapsing method, automatic cluster detection, and spatiotemporal cluster evolution from the injection well, was applied to the microseismic dataset recorded during stimulation of the Soultz-sous-Forets HDR field in September 1993. The stimulated reservoir volume obtained from wet seismicity using convex hulls is approximately five times smaller than the volume obtained from the primary cloud of located events.