Reading Process of Arab Children: An Eye-Tracking Study on Saudi Elementary Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150003
Author(s):  
Khaloud Al-Khalefah ◽  
Hend S. Al-Khalifa
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Orthographic Knowledge ◽  
Reading Process ◽  
Arab Children ◽  
Recognition Process ◽  
Reading Methods

Many previous eye-tracking studies were conducted to examine how adult readers process different written languages. Relatively, only few eye-tracking studies have been conducted to observe the reading process of Arab children. This study investigated the influence of orthographic regularity on Saudi elementary grades’ English and Arabic words recognition. The eye movements of 15 grade-four students and 15 grade-six students were recorded while they read words that differ in frequency and regularity. Analysis of the visual information from the word-recognition process shows differences in the students’ eye movements for the two languages. There were statistically significant differences in the total fixation duration and fixation count between the two languages and between both groups. All the students showed longer processing time for English sentences than Arabic ones. However, Arabic-speaking students were influenced by English orthography with more processing difficulty for English irregular words. The visual information shows that more cross-linguistic differences are found in grade-four students’ results. Grade-four students transferred their first language (L1) reading strategies to read English words; however, Arabic reading methods cannot be effectively applied to reading irregular orthographies like English. This explains the increased eye-movement measurements of grade-four students compared to grade-six students, who fixated more on unfamiliar English words. Although orthographic regularity had a major effect on the word-recognition process in this study, the development of the students’ Arabic and English orthographic knowledge affected the progress of their visual word recognition across the two levels.

Eye movements in sports research and practice: Immersive technologies as optimal environments for the study of gaze behaviour

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Harris ◽  
Mark Wilson ◽  
Tim Holmes ◽  
Toby de Burgh ◽  
Samuel James Vine
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Experimental Control ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Immersive Technologies

Head-mounted eye tracking has been fundamental for developing an understanding of sporting expertise, as the way in which performers sample visual information from the environment is a major determinant of successful performance. There is, however, a long running tension between the desire to study realistic, in-situ gaze behaviour and the difficulties of acquiring accurate ocular measurements in dynamic and fast-moving sporting tasks. Here, we describe how immersive technologies, such as virtual reality, offer an increasingly compelling approach for conducting eye movement research in sport. The possibility of studying gaze behaviour in representative and realistic environments, but with high levels of experimental control, could enable significant strides forward for eye tracking in sport and improve understanding of how eye movements underpin sporting skills. By providing a rationale for virtual reality as an optimal environment for eye tracking research, as well as outlining practical considerations related to hardware, software and data analysis, we hope to guide researchers and practitioners in the use of this approach.

scholarly journals Exploring Young Children’s Use of Illustrations in a Picturebook

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Feathers ◽  
Poonam Arya
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Third Grade

Using analysis of oral reading and eye movements, this study examined how third grade children used visual information as they orally read either the original or the adapted version of a picturebook.  Eye tracking was examined to identify when and why students focused on images as well as what they looked at in the images.  Results document children’s deliberate use of images and point to the important role of images in text processing. The content of images, availability and placement of text and images on a page, and children’s personal strategies affected the use of images.  

scholarly journals Random Spray Retinex Extensions Considering Region of Interest and Eye Movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 60403-1-60403-6
Author(s):  
Midori Tanaka ◽  
Matteo Paolo Lanaro ◽  
Takahiko Horiuchi ◽  
Alessandro Rizzi
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mathematical Description ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Proposed Model

Abstract The Random spray Retinex (RSR) algorithm was developed by taking into consideration the mathematical description of Milano-Retinex. The RSR substituted random paths with random sprays. Mimicking some characteristics of the human visual system (HVS), this article proposes two variants of RSR adding a mechanism of region of interest (ROI). In the first proposed model, a cone distribution based on anatomical data is considered as ROI. In the second model, the visual resolution depending on the visual field based on the knowledge of visual information processing is considered as ROI. We have measured actual eye movements using an eye-tracking system. By using the eye-tracking data, we have simulated the HVS using test images. Results show an interesting qualitative computation of the appearance of the processed area around real gaze points.

scholarly journals Rapid stimulus-driven modulation of slow ocular position drifts

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Malevich ◽  
Antimo Buonocore ◽  
Ziad M Hafed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Gaze Fixation ◽  
Rapid Access ◽  
Duration Stimulus ◽  
Image Pattern

The eyes are never still during maintained gaze fixation. When microsaccades are not occurring, ocular position exhibits continuous slow changes, often referred to as drifts. Unlike microsaccades, drifts remain to be viewed as largely random eye movements. Here we found that ocular position drifts can, instead, be very systematically stimulus-driven, and with very short latencies. We used highly precise eye tracking in three well trained macaque monkeys and found that even fleeting (~8 ms duration) stimulus presentations can robustly trigger transient and stimulus-specific modulations of ocular position drifts, and with only approximately 60 ms latency. Such drift responses are binocular, and they are most effectively elicited with large stimuli of low spatial frequency. Intriguingly, the drift responses exhibit some image pattern selectivity, and they are not explained by convergence responses, pupil constrictions, head movements, or starting eye positions. Ocular position drifts have very rapid access to exogenous visual information.

scholarly journals Random Spray Retinex Extensions Considering Region of Interest and EyeMovements

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (15) ◽  
pp. 60403-1-60403-6
Author(s):  
Midori Tanaka ◽  
Matteo Paolo Lanaro ◽  
Takahiko Horiuchi ◽  
Alessandro Rizzi
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mathematical Description ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Proposed Model

The Random spray Retinex (RSR) algorithm was developed by taking into consideration the mathematical description of Milano-Retinex. The RSR substituted random paths with random sprays. Mimicking some characteristics of the human visual system (HVS), this article proposes two variants of RSR adding a mechanism of region of interest (ROI). In the first proposed model, a cone distribution based on anatomical data is considered as ROI. In the second model, the visual resolution depending on the visual field based on the knowledge of visual information processing is considered as ROI. We have measured actual eye movements using an eye-tracking system. By using the eye-tracking data, we have simulated the HVS using test images. Results show an interesting qualitative computation of the appearance of the processed area around real gaze points.

scholarly journals Rapid stimulus-driven modulation of slow ocular position drifts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Malevich ◽  
Antimo Buonocore ◽  
Ziad M. Hafed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Gaze Fixation ◽  
Rapid Access ◽  
Duration Stimulus ◽  
Image Pattern

AbstractThe eyes are never still during maintained gaze fixation. When microsaccades are not occurring, ocular position exhibits continuous slow changes, often referred to as drifts. Unlike microsaccades, drifts remain to be viewed as largely random eye movements. Here we found that ocular position drifts can, instead, be very systematically stimulus-driven, and with very short latencies. We used highly precise eye tracking in three well trained macaque monkeys and found that even fleeting (~8 ms duration) stimulus presentations can robustly trigger transient and stimulus-specific modulations of ocular position drifts, and with only approximately 60 ms latency. Such drift responses are binocular, and they are most effectively elicited with large stimuli of low spatial frequency. Intriguingly, the drift responses exhibit some image pattern selectivity, and they are not explained by convergence responses, pupil constrictions, head movements, or starting eye positions. Ocular position drifts have very rapid access to exogenous visual information.

scholarly journals An Orthographic Prediction Error as the basis for efficient Visual Word Recognition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Gagl ◽  
Jona Sassenhagen ◽  
Sophia Haan ◽  
Klara Gregorova ◽  
Fabio Richlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Orthographic Knowledge ◽  
Reading Processes ◽  
Neural Computations

AbstractMost current models assume that the perceptual and cognitive processes of visual word recognition and reading operate upon neuronally coded domain-general low-level visual representations – typically oriented line representations. We here demonstrate, consistent with neurophysiological theories of Bayesian-like predictive neural computations, that prior visual knowledge of words may be utilized to ‘explain away’ redundant and highly expected parts of the visual percept. Subsequent processing stages, accordingly, operate upon an optimized representation of the visual input, the orthographic prediction error, highlighting only the visual information relevant for word identification. We show that this optimized representation is related to orthographic word characteristics, accounts for word recognition behavior, and is processed early in the visual processing stream, i.e., in V4 and before 200 ms after word-onset. Based on these findings, we propose that prior visual-orthographic knowledge is used to optimize the representation of visually presented words, which in turn allows for highly efficient reading processes.

scholarly journals Oculomotor Reactions in Students During Text Perception

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Natal’ya V. Zvyagina ◽  
◽  
Anna I. Taleeva ◽  
Dar’ya A. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Holistic Perception

The study of oculomotor reactions in the process of performing cognitive tasks is becoming increasingly popular among psychophysiologists. The use of eye tracking techniques extended our knowledge about eye movements when perceiving visual information. Modern research using eye tracking focuses on oculomotor reactions while perceiving images and texts, performing logical visual tasks, etc. It should be noted that eye tracking parameters in visual cognitive activity not only reflect the peculiarities of eye movements, but also serve as markers of brain activity in terms of perception and processing of information. Of particular interest are eye tracking studies involving reading texts of varying complexity and emotional content with normal and inverted word order in sentences. This paper presents the results of an eyetracking research involving students during visual perception of texts. Two types of texts were used: text with correct order of letters and text with changed order of letters in words. We examined 40 students of Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov using the eye tracking system iView X ™ RED (SensoMotoric Instruments, Germany). It recorded a significantly higher number of fixations and saccades as well as longer duration of fixations while reading the text with changed order of letters in words. The subjects demonstrated a holistic perception of words when working with the text with changed order of letters, which led to shorter reading time. As a result, we identified two ways of visual information processing with high reproducibility, regardless of the text type: focused and superficial reading. For citation: Zvyagina N.V., Taleeva A.I., Kuznetsova D.A. Oculomotor Reactions in Students During Text Perception. Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2021, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 145–152. DOI: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z052

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