Penetration of cold seawater into layer 2 of the oceanic crust occurs to at least 600 m, the maximum depth drilled below the sediment-acoustic basement boundary during Leg 37 of the DSDP. The main alteration phases are Mg-saponite, Fe-K rich celadonite, phillipsite, calcite, and hematite. The only exception to this occurs in the form of intensely hydrothermally altered gabbro breccias from an intrusive complex at site 334. There is no mineralogical evidence to suggest an increase in metamorphic grade with depth; however, a variation in mineralogy and alteration intensity, occurs as a function of structure, permeability, and the chemical nature of rock-fluid interaction. On this basis three types of alteration are defined as follows: (A) fracture focussed, oxidative; (B) palagonitic; and (C) non-oxidative, pervasive.Electron microprobe analyses reveal that alteration of fresh glass to palagonite involves the addition of H2O, an increase in total Fe, K2O, TiO2, and possibly SiO2, and the loss of CaO, MgO, Na2O, and MnO.Detailed examination of the mineralogy and chemistry of oxidative alteration suggests that during low temperature sea water–basalt interaction, basalt experiences a net gain in CaO, total Fe and K2O, while SiO2 and MgO appear to have been locally remobilized. These trends are generally consistent with the distribution of secondary phases. The distributions of Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, and Sr do not appear to have been significantly affected during this process.It is apparent that seawater must have experienced significant Eh lowering during this interaction; however, the occurrence of hematite–magnetite and absence of sulphide in this particular environment requires that seawater was either highly depleted in total sulfur or experienced a significant rise in pH.