Effect of Processing on Some Quality Parameters of Flour and Bread Made from Wheat Grain Biofortified with Zn and Se

Millions of people have inadequate Se and Zn intakes, but agronomic biofortification could prevent this. This study evaluated the effect of the combined Zn and Se biofortification on the quality parameters of grain, and on the composition of minerals (Zn, Se, Mg, Ca and Fe) and their availability in bread-making wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) products, white flour, wholemeal bread and white bread were evaluated. The studied treatments were soil Zn (no Zn, and 50 kg Zn ha−1) and foliar applications (0, 10 g Se ha−1, 8 kg Zn ha−1, and 10 g Se ha−1 + 8 kg Zn ha−1) and were tested in a two-year field experiment (2017–2018, 2018–2019). The foliar combined biofortification increased the concentration of both minerals in white flour, wholemeal bread and white bread by about 33%, 24% and 51%, respectively for Zn, and 3.3-fold, 3.4-fold and 2.7-fold for Se, showing a synergistic effect on Se concentration with the Se and Zn combination. While the loss of Zn and Se during the milling process was41% and 18%, respectively, baking caused a loss of 15% and 19%, respectively, for wholemeal bread, and up to 61% and 29% for Zn and Se for white bread. Hence, although the consumption of wholemeal bread instead of white bread may enhance Zn and Se intake more than biofortification, until consumption habits change, the biofortification of wheat can help to mitigate inadequate Zn and Se intakes in the general population.

Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of the prospects at the northern flank of the Baimka ore zone, Western Chukotka

Background. Some papers describing the deposits and prospects in the Baimka ore zone (Baimka Trend), the Chukotka Autonomous Region have been recently published. It should be noted that those publications concern with the large Peschanka porphyry copper-molybdenum-gold deposit and Nakhodka ore field. At the same time, some copper prospects were found at the zone flanks and their nature is not clear. There are no data available in the literature that would clarify the mineralogy of hydrothermal alteration and ores at those prospects, including Top and Luchik located at the northern flank. To understand the nature of these prospects, we studied in depth mineralogy of hydrothermal alteration and ores.Aim. This study aims to describe mineralogy of metasomatic rocks and ores from the Top and Luchik prospects in the northern part of the Baimka zone, Western Chukotka.Materials and methods. Several dozen polished thin sections were microscopic studied at the Department of Mineralogy of Moscow State University using an optical microscope. The chemical composition of minerals was determined using electron microprobe at the Laboratory of Analytical Techniques of High Spatial Resolution, Department of Petrology and Volcanology, Moscow State University.Results. It was found that propylitic is the major hydrothermal alteration at the prospects studied here. Metasomatic rocks are cut by mineralized quartz and carbonate-quartz veins. Chalcopyrite and pyrite are the major ore minerals; galena, sphalerite, pyrite enriched in As and Sb, and marcasite are minor; Hg-bearing tetrahedrite-(Zn), native gold with the fineness of ~830, petzite, hessite, and acanthite are rare.Conclusions. The data obtained suggest that mineralization at the Top and Luchik prospect is attributed to the epithermal intermediate sulfidation type. Considering the occurrence of the epithermal mineralization in the upper part of the hydrothermal column and the porphyry mineralization in the Baimka zone, the porphyry mineralization is possible at depth at the Top and Luchik prospects.

Сlassification and characteristic of inclusions in the Severny Kolchim meteorite (H3.4)

Research subject. Fragments of the Severny Kolchim meteorite.Materials and methods. The study was performed in the Geoanalyst Centre for Collective Use, Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, UB RAS. The clast and inclusions were studied using a scanning electron microscope JSM-6390LV from JEOL with an energy dispersing attachment INCA Energy 450 X-Max 80. The bulk chondrule compositions were obtained by EDS analysis of whole chondrule areas in thin sections. The composition of minerals was studied using an electron microprobe analyser Cameca SX100 equipped with five wavelength spectrometers. The concentrations of trace elements in olivine were measured using a mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma NexION 300S (PerkinElmer) with a laser ablation attachment NWR 213 (ESI) at a crater diameter of 25 microns.Results. According to the revealed set of petrographic and mineralogical features, the meteorite was clarified as H3.4. In addition, this meteorite can be further classified as genomict breccia. In the Severny Kolchim meteorite, a 6×6 mm clast fragment composed of chondrite H3.9 was studied. This inclusion has a slightly higher degree of S2 shock transformations compared to the host rock. Refractory forsterite-rich objects were found and studied. These inclusions are composed of low-ferroan forsterite (f = 0.004–0.2, f – ratio Fe/(Fe + Mg)mol).Conclusion. The porphyry olivine chondrules consisting of refractory forsterite and high-calcium glass in mesostasis are likely to be parental to the refractory forsterite-rich inclusions. Al-rich chondrules and pyroxene chondrule with tridymite identified in the matrix of the chondrite are likely to be xenogenic, originating from the formation area of enstatite chondrites.

Phytochemical Characterization of Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum as Mexican Mistletoe Plants with Antimicrobial Activity

In Mexico, mistletoes have several applications in traditional medicine due to the great variety of compounds with biological activities that have not been characterized to date. The goals of the present study are to analyze the composition of minerals and phytochemical compounds in Mexican mistletoes Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum qualitatively and quantitatively, identify the compounds using HPLC-MS, and assess the antimicrobial potential in phytopathogenic microorganism control. Mineral content was evaluated with X-ray fluorescence. Three types of extracts were prepared: ethanol, water, and aqueous 150 mM sodium chloride solution. Characterization was carried out using qualitative tests for phytochemical compound groups, analytical methods for proteins, reducing sugars, total phenol, flavonoids quantification, and HPLC-MS for compound identification. The antimicrobial activity of mistletoe’s liquid extracts was evaluated by microplate assay. K and Ca minerals were observed in both mistletoes. A qualitative test demonstrated alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and quinones. Ethanolic extract showed flavonoids, 3845 ± 69 and 3067 ± 17.2 mg QE/g for Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum, respectively, while aqueous extracts showed a total phenol content of 65 ± 6.9 and 90 ± 1.19 mg GAE/g Phoradendron bollanum and Viscum album subs. austriacum, respectively. HPLC-MS identified largely hydroxycinnamic acids and methoxycinnamic acids. Clavibacter michiganenses was successfully inhibited by aqueous extract of both mistletoes.

Zr-Th-U MINERALS IN HIGH-MG DIORITE OF THE CHELYABINSK MASSIF (SOUTH URALS) – EVIDENCE FOR CRUST–MANTLE INTERACTION

Zr-Th-U minerals, namely baddeleyite, zircon and U-Th-oxide, were found in high-Mg diorite from the Late Devonian – Early Carboniferous synplutonic dyke in granodiorites of the Chelyabinsk massif, South Urals. Micron-sized minerals were investigated by electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Their chemical compositions were determined by electron probe microanalysis that was optimized to ensure more precise measurements of the composition of minerals. Baddeleyite grains are found as inclusions in amphibole crystals and reside in intergranular areas. The former retain their composition and show no traces of corrosion or substitution. In the intergranular areas, baddeleyite grains were replaced by polycrystalline zircon due to the reaction with an acid melt, and the U-Th-oxide precipitated inside baddeleyite simultaneously, which suggests the restite origin of baddeleyite. The main features of the baddeleyite composition are extremely high concentrations of ThO2 and UO2 (to 0.03 wt. % and 1.0 wt. %, respectively), which may be due to the metasomatic interaction between the mantle peridotite and the crustal or carbonatite fluid or melt.

Lithospheric mantle refertilization by DMM-derived melts beneath the Cameroon Volcanic Line—a case study of the Befang xenolith suite (Oku Volcanic Group, Cameroon)

The origin and evolution of subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) are important issues of Earth’s chemical and physical evolution. Here, we report detailed textural and chemical analyses on a mantle xenolith suite from Befang (Oku Volcanic Group, Cameroon Volcanic Line), which represents a major tectono-magmatic structure of the African plate. The samples are sourced from spinel-facies mantle and are dominated by lherzolites. Their texture is cataclastic to porphyroclastic, and foliation defined by grain-size variation and alignment of spinel occurs in part of peridotites. Spinel is interstitial and has amoeboidal shape. Clinopyroxene REE patterns are similar to those of Depleted MORB Mantle (DMM) except LREEs, which vary from depleted to enriched. The A-type olivine fabric occurs in the subset of one harzburgite and 7 lherzolites studied by EBSD. Orthopyroxene shows deformation consistent with olivine. The fabric of LREE-enriched clinopyroxene is equivalent to those of orthopyroxene and olivine, whereas spinel and LREE-depleted clinopyroxene are oriented independently of host rock fabric. The textural, chemical and thermobarometric constraints indicate that the Befang mantle section was refertilised by MORB-like melt at pressures of 1.0–1.4 GPa and temperatures slightly above 1200–1275 °C. The olivine-orthopyroxene framework and LREE-enriched clinopyroxene preserve the protolith fabric. In contrast, the LREE-depleted clinopyroxene, showing discordant deformation relative to the olivine-orthopyroxene protolith framework, and amoeboidal spinel crystallized from the infiltrating melt. The major element and REEs composition of minerals forming the Befang peridotites indicate subsequent reequilibration at temperatures 930–1000 °C. This was followed by the formation of websterite veins in the lithospheric mantle, which can be linked to Cenozoic volcanism in the Cameroon Volcanic Line that also brought the xenoliths to the surface. This study therefore supports the origin of fertile SCLM via refertilization rather than by extraction of small melt fractions, and further emphasizes the involvement of depleted melts in this process.

PHASE FORMATION PROCESSES AT LOW-TEMPERATURE FLUORINATION OF ZIRCONIUM SILICATE

Zirconium silicate ceramics is widely used in different fields of engineering. One of the most actual problem of zircon ceramics is the requiring of high temperatures for its sintering. Perspective method for activation of silicate materials with the aim of intensification of synthesis and sintering processes is the low-temperature fluoridation with the ammonium hydrofluoride. In accordance with that, processes occurring during the interaction of plasma dissociated zircon and natural zircon with ammonium hydrodifluoride were studied. It was established that plasma dissociated zircon actively interacts with ammonium hydrofluoride in the solid phase. Natural zircon because of its chemical inertness reacts with ammonium hydrofluoride only when latter melts. The main product of fluorinating is ammonium hexafluorosilicate. By-products are ammonium hexafluorozirconate and ammonium heptafluorozirconate. Their quantity increases with the content of ammonium hydrofluoride in mixtures. Kinetic equation of reaction between zircon and ammonium hydrofluoride is k×τ = 1-(1-α)1/n. Activation energy of plasma dissociated zircon and natural zircon fluorinating reactions are 13.9 and 32.7 kJ/mol, respectively. Order of reactions (n) are 2.0 and 1.5, respectively. Thermal treatment of fluorinated materials at 400 °C leads to ammonium hexafluorosilicate sublimation and thermal dissociation of ammonium fluorozirconates to zirconium fluoride and fluorozirconate intermediates. It was established that low-temperature fluoridation of zircon makes possible to regulate chemical composition of minerals. Materials obtained by ammonium hydrofluoride treatment of plasma dissociated and natural zircon can be potentialy used in the functional zircon and zirconia-zircon ceramics technology.

Unusual mineralogical features and origin of the mantle substratum Nakyn kimberlite fields (Yakutia)

<p>Detail study kimberlites and mantle xenoliths from Nakyn field pipes has revealed their unusual, interesting and important mineralogical features. Absence of Megacrystic picroilmenites of is compensated by presence of large orange-red titanium pyropes of "megacryst" type, underlining the reduced character asthenospheric melts influences on the mantle lithosphere in Nakyn. Picroilmenite in Nakyn kimberlites present only in xenoliths eclogites, garnet peridotites and clinopyroxenites with directive structures attributed to zones of melt fluid interaction. The clinopyroxene composition referred to Cr-omfacite, c (instead of Cr-diopside) suggest the Na-Al oceanic spilitic metasomatism at subduction stage or later interaction of the mantle material with the subducted pelitic sediments which is in accord with the presence of Al-rich eclogites wide distribution of the wehrlitic associations may suggest carbonatitic metasomatism. Cr- diopsides occurred in the peridotites with primary magmatic textures.</p><p>Absence of picroilmenite megacrysts in Nakyn kimberlites is filled with presence of large orange-red titanious-pyropes of "megacryst" associations, underlining the reduced character astenospheric influences on the mantle substratum of area</p><p>Picroilmenites in Nakyn kimberlites are present only in xenoliths of eclogites, and garnet peridotites and clinopyroxenites with, directive structures related to the zones of the metasomatism or melt interaction. The picroilmenite compositions from these rock inclusions sharply differs from composition of picroilmenite typical "megacryst" associations the raised contents of the titanium and the lowest share hematite component. In the same types mantle rocks is unusual also the composition of clinopyroxene: omphacite, chrome-omphacite (but not chrome-diopside) suggesting the high activity of the Na-Al metasomatism probably related to the oceanic spilitic metasomatism. The important participation in their formation of subduction processes allows to assume the specific features of a structure, mineral composition and composition of minerals of these rock inclusions.</p><p>Th ALCREMITE and MARID associations probably refer to the interaction of the lamprophyric Al2O3, H2O rich melts with peridotites or interaction of mica bearing Al, alkali rich sediments with peridotites. . The Botuobinskaya and Mayskaya kimberlite pipes contain essential amount of color a green garnets of different shades and compositions, that are very rare in worldwide kimberlites. It specifies on intensive influence of processes "calcium" (“chrome-calcium” and the “titanium–chrome-calcium”) metasomatism in mantle lithosphere</p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.c78cc1a3fdff57948740161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=3c81a036683b53d2fa801210cd6674a4&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.041a7fb3fdff57258740161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=e223b463964dafd811fdb9bcf1d1cf94&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.573044e3fdff54658740161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=15da5e6bc74fe792450dfb38d30b4f5e&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p>

The Ti, Mn, and Na oxide distribution in kimberlite pyropes of Angola as criterion of diamond grade

<p>To determine diamond grade <strong>Ti, Mn, and Na in</strong>  pyropes from kimberlites of the Angola diamond-bearing sub-province, the triangular diagrams of their ratios is proposed. The JX-8230 microprobe, allows determining the composition of minerals by WDS and EDS spectrometers simultaneously.</p><p>The diagrams Fig.1 shows the compositions of these oxides in pyropes with their breakdown into cluster groups (CG) of Dawson J.B., Stephens W.E. classifications [3]. It complements the generally accepted diagrams [1,2,3] and creates an opportunity to determine the degree of diamond content of kimberlites and their belonging to the same field or cluster of kimberlite pipes. The diagrams shows the ratio of oxides of the main trace elements in pyropes of Angola kimberlites with diamonds and dots – Mn, Ti and Na in the diamondiferous kimberlites  (Luele, Chyuzu) and in empty ones (Shandongu, Lx 150).</p><p>The Na<sub>2</sub>O content for the compositions of low-chromium pyropes is the main sign of their crystallization with diamonds, which is reflected in the Na<sub>2</sub>O-TiO<sub>2</sub> diagram by J. Gurney [2].</p><p>The<strong> </strong>TiO<sub>2</sub> is undoubtedly an important and significant impurity oxide that determines diamond content and tthe CG of pyropes according to Dawson J.B., Stephens W.E. [3]: its content in G3, G10, G9 is low, <0,3; in G1 – medium, 0,3-0,6 and G2 – high,> 0,6 wt.%.</p><p>The MnO content in kimberlite pyropes, as a rule, does not exceed 0,6 wt%. Changes in the contents of this oxide can occur in the process of metasomatic transformations of pyropes, which affects the diamond content in kimberlites [4].</p><p>From the presented diagrams (Fig. 1) it can be seen that 97,5% of the compositions of pyrope grains from the highly productive kimberlites of the Luele pipe lie in the diamond-bearing contour, while high-magnesian-chromium pyropes CG G10, whose share is 46%, together with pyropes CG G9 – 21%, evenly distributed over this area and prevail over the rest of the CG. Medium-high titanium CG G1-G4 and G-11 are compactly concentrated in the lower area of ​​the diamond-bearing contour, next to the low-titanium G3.</p><p>In low diamondiferous kimberlites of the Chyuzu pipe, about 65% of pyrope grains fall into the diamondiferous contour, while the compositions of CG G10 and G9 are represented by less than 10% of grains, 90% of grains are high-medium titanium CG G1, G2 and G11, and the compositions of single pyropes CG G3 shifted to the upper region of the diamondiferous contour.</p><p>The non-diamond pipes Shandongu and Lx-150 are also characterized by the displacement of CG G10 (16% and 7%, respectively) and G9 to the upper part of the diagram, with a predominance of the proportion of pyropes G9, with an outflow of diamond content up to 30-50% of the grain compositions. The proportion of high-titanium CG G1, G2, and G11 (up to 25% in the Lx-150 pipe) is quite large here, most of the compositions of which go beyond the diamond-bearing contour of kimberlites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions </strong></p><p>New JX-8230 microprobe allows quantitative determination of trace elements in kimberlite pyropes. Diagram MnO, Na2O, TiO2 give additional criteria for kimberlite diamond grade</p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gnp.740f2575270067701801161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=e5ebc4337403a0b471a73065767dbccf&ct=x&pn=gnp.elif&d=1" alt=""></p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gnp.18478d85270061011801161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=acbf9ed8729dd104e52b66fbb5ce356b&ct=x&pn=gnp.elif&d=1" alt=""></p>

Metallogenic Specialization Of Sienitoid Small Intrusions And Dikes Of The Kumbel-Ugam Zone Of Depth Faults (Chatkal-Kurama Region, Middle Tian Shan)

The article describes the geological, petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical data confirming comagmatic nature of syenitoid small intrusions and dikes of the Kumbel-Ugam zone of deep faults. Specialty of syenitoids and related metasomatites and hydrothermalites for precious and rare metals is described on the basis of the results of microprobe analyzes of the forms of occurrence, the material composition of minerals, micro segregations of ore-bearing silicon-alkaline fluids and nanocrystallites in them. The results of mass-spectrometric study of syenitoids confirm their metallogenic specialization in noble, rare and rare earth metals.