Coding Principles in Adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 427-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison I. Weber ◽  
Kamesh Krishnamurthy ◽  
Adrienne L. Fairhall
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Spike Frequency Adaptation ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Common Principle

Adaptation is a common principle that recurs throughout the nervous system at all stages of processing. This principle manifests in a variety of phenomena, from spike frequency adaptation, to apparent changes in receptive fields with changes in stimulus statistics, to enhanced responses to unexpected stimuli. The ubiquity of adaptation leads naturally to the question: What purpose do these different types of adaptation serve? A diverse set of theories, often highly overlapping, has been proposed to explain the functional role of adaptive phenomena. In this review, we discuss several of these theoretical frameworks, highlighting relationships among them and clarifying distinctions. We summarize observations of the varied manifestations of adaptation, particularly as they relate to these theoretical frameworks, focusing throughout on the visual system and making connections to other sensory systems.

scholarly journals Binocular Contributions to Optic Flow Processing in the Fly Visual System

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 724-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger G. Krapp ◽  
Roland Hengstenberg ◽  
Martin Egelhaaf
Keyword(s):  
Optic Flow ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Flow Fields ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Motion Information ◽  
Local Motion ◽  
Response Field

Integrating binocular motion information tunes wide-field direction-selective neurons in the fly optic lobe to respond preferentially to specific optic flow fields. This is shown by measuring the local preferred directions (LPDs) and local motion sensitivities (LMSs) at many positions within the receptive fields of three types of anatomically identifiable lobula plate tangential neurons: the three horizontal system (HS) neurons, the two centrifugal horizontal (CH) neurons, and three heterolateral connecting elements. The latter impart to two of the HS and to both CH neurons a sensitivity to motion from the contralateral visual field. Thus in two HS neurons and both CH neurons, the response field comprises part of the ipsi- and contralateral visual hemispheres. The distributions of LPDs within the binocular response fields of each neuron show marked similarities to the optic flow fields created by particular types of self-movements of the fly. Based on the characteristic distributions of local preferred directions and motion sensitivities within the response fields, the functional role of the respective neurons in the context of behaviorally relevant processing of visual wide-field motion is discussed.

Substance and Function

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-203
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Llored
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chemistry ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function

This paper aims to analyze the two aspects of elements, material and conceptual, in order to further understand the functional role played by elements in chemistry. First, we will refer to how Mendeleev gradually built his periodic table. Second, we will both highlight and reflect upon the functional role of elements in chemistry. In doing so, we will refer in particular to Cassirer’s philosophy of science. In conclusion, we propose that a functional approach is important for understanding current chemical practice, especially in nanochemistry and quantum chemistry. This approach also contributes to the analysis of different types of mereology that coexist in chemistry today.

724 The Functional Role of Cellular Prion Protein in the Enteric Nervous System

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. S-97
Author(s):  
Gary R. Martin ◽  
Mohammad Bashashati ◽  
Catherine M. Keenan ◽  
Wallace K. MacNaughton ◽  
Frank Jirik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Prion Protein ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Cellular Prion Protein

scholarly journals Role of requests and communication breakdowns in the coordination of teamwork: a video-based observational study of hybrid operating rooms

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e035194
Author(s):  
Jonas Ivarsson ◽  
Mikaela Åberg
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Digital Subtraction ◽  
Team Coordination ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Communication Breakdowns

ObjectivesThis study investigated the functional role of ‘requests’ in the coordination of surgical activities in the operating room (OR). A secondary aim was to describe, closely, instances of potential miscommunication to scrutinise how so-called conversational repairs were used to address and prevent mistakes.DesignNon-participant video-based observations.SettingTeam coordination around image acquisitions (digital subtraction angiography) done during endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) procedures in a hybrid OR.MethodsThe study followed and documented a total of 72 EVAR procedures, out of which 12 were video-recorded (58 hours). The results were based on 12 teams operating during these recorded surgeries and specifically targeted all sequences involving controlled apnoea. In total, 115 sequences were analysed within the theoretical framework of conversation analysis.ResultsThe results indicated a simple structure of communication that can enable the successful coordination of work between different team members. Central to this analysis was the distinction between immediate requests and pre-requests. The results also showed how conversational repairs became key in establishing joint understanding and, therefore, how they can function as crucial resources in safety management operations.ConclusionThe results suggest the possibility of devising an interactional framework to minimise problems with communication, thereby enabling the advancement of patient safety. By making the distinction between different types of requests explicit, certain ambiguities can be mitigated and some misunderstandings avoided. One way to accomplish this practically would be to tie various actions to clearer and more distinct forms of expression.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURAL ROLE OF USER CLASS IN CHAT INTERACTIONS ON TWITCH

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiernan Cahill
Keyword(s):  
User Engagement ◽  
Chat Rooms ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
User Interactions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Live Video ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Theoretical Significance ◽  
Different Types

Twitch.tv has become an important platform for video streaming, especially of games, with more than 100 million monthly users. The structure of content on the platform, which merges live video feeds with chat rooms for user feedback, problematizes existing theoretical frameworks for understanding the roles and hierarchies of different types of users. Combined with efforts to monetize user engagement for the benefit of both platform owners and user-generators of content, there is a need for greater understanding of the new interaction paradigm introduced by the platform. The present study introduces a framework for systematic, quantitative analysis of user interactions in the chat rooms associated with Twitch channels, as well as a preliminary data set. Social network analysis techniques are used to analyse the centrality and homophily of different classes of users, and the theoretical significance of these observations is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Functional Role of Natural and Synthetic Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering of Central Nervous System

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parastoo Barati Dowom ◽  
Kambiz Roshanaei ◽  
Sajad Sahab Negah ◽  
Hadi Aligholi ◽  
Fatemeh Alipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Synthetic Scaffolds ◽  
Natural And Synthetic
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