Review—Reference Electrodes in Li-Ion and Next Generation Batteries: Correct Potential Assessment, Applications and Practices

Abstract This review provides an accessible analysis of the processes on reference electrodes and their applications in Li-ion and next generation batteries research. It covers fundamentals and definitions as well as specific practical applications and is intended to be comprehensible for researchers in the battery field with diverse backgrounds. It covers fundamental concepts, such as two- and three-electrodes configurations, as well as more complex quasi- or pseudo- reference electrodes. The electrode potential and its dependance on the concentration of species and nature of solvents are explained in detail and supported by relevant examples. The solvent, in particular the cation solvation energy, contribution to the electrode potential is important and a largely unknown issue in most the battery research. This effect can be as high as half a volt for the Li/Li+ couple and we provide concrete examples of the battery systems where this effect must be taken into account. With this review, we aim to provide guidelines for the use and assessment of reference electrodes in the Li-ion and next generation batteries research that are comprehensive and accessible to an audience with a diverse scientific background.

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Impact of Crystallography on Design of Cathode Materials for Li-ion Batteries

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances ◽

10.1107/s2053273314099793 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 70 (a1) ◽

pp. C20-C20

Author(s):

Evgeny Antipov ◽

Nellie Khasanova

Keyword(s):

Transition Metal ◽

Cathode Materials ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Li Ion Batteries ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Storage Devices ◽

Li Ion

Ninety percent of the energy produced today come from fossil fuels, making dramatically negative impact on our future due to rapid consumption of these energy sources, ecological damage and climate change. This justifies development of the renewable energy sources and concurrently efficient large storage devices capable to replace fossil fuels. Li-ion batteries have originally been developed for portable electronic devices, but nowadays new application niches are envisaged in electric vehicles and stationary energy storages. However, to satisfy the needs of these rapidly growing applications, Li-ion batteries require further significant improvement of their properties: capacity and power, cyclability, safety and cost. Cathode is the key part of the Li-ion batteries largely determining their performance. Severe requirements are imposed on a cathode material, which should provide fast reversible intercalation of Li-ions at redox potential close to the upper boundary of electrolyte stability window, possess relatively low molecular weight and exhibit small volume variation upon changing Li-concentration. First generation of the cathode materials for the Li-ion batteries based on the spinel (LiM2O4, M – transition metal) or rock-salt derivatives (LiMO2) has already been widely commercialised. However, the potential to further improve the performance of these materials is almost exhausted. The compounds, containing lithium and transition metal cations together with different polyanions (XmOn)p- (X=B, P, S, Si), are now considered as the most promising cathode materials for the next generation of the Li-ion batteries. Covalently-bonded structural frameworks in these compounds offer long-term structural stability, which is essential for good cyclability and safety. Further advantages are expected from combining different anions (such as (XO4)p- and F- ) in the anion sublattice, with the hope to enhance the specific energy and power of these materials. Various fluoride-phosphates and fluoride-sulphates have been recently discovered, and some of them exhibit attractive electrochemical performance. An overview of the research on the cathode materials for the Li-ion batteries will be presented with special emphasis on crystallography as a guide towards improved properties important for practical applications.

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Next-generation Li-ion capacitor with high energy and high power by limiting alloying-intercalation process using SnO2@Graphite composite as battery type electrode

Composites Part B Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109487 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 109487

Author(s):

Madhusoodhanan Lathika Divya ◽

Selvarasu Praneetha ◽

Yun-Sung Lee ◽

Vanchiappan Aravindan

Keyword(s):

High Power ◽

High Energy ◽

Next Generation ◽

Graphite Composite ◽

Intercalation Process ◽

Li Ion

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Compression therapy: scientific background and practical applications

JDDG Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft ◽

10.1111/ddg.12405 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 794-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kerstin Protz ◽

Kristina Heyer ◽

Martin Dörler ◽

Markus Stücker ◽

Carsten Hampel-Kalthoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compression Therapy ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Scientific Background

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Li-Ion Energy Levels, Li-Ion Transfer and Electrode Potential

SpringerBriefs in Physics - Surface Science of Intercalation Materials and Solid Electrolytes ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-52826-3_8 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 83-99

Author(s):

René Hausbrand

Keyword(s):

Electrode Potential ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Ion Transfer ◽

Ion Energy ◽

Li Ion

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Mechanically Robust Flexible Multilayer Aramid Nanofibers and MXene Film for High-Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Thermal Insulation

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11113041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3041

Author(s):

Jun Zhou ◽

Junsheng Yu ◽

Dongyu Bai ◽

Huili Liu ◽

Lu Li

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Composite Film ◽

Electromagnetic Interference ◽

Multilayer Structure ◽

High Performance ◽

Composite Films ◽

Next Generation ◽

Shielding Effectiveness ◽

Breaking Strain ◽

Practical Applications

In order to overcome the various defects caused by the limitations of solid metal as a shielding material, the development of electromagnetic shielding materials with flexibility and excellent mechanical properties is of great significance for the next generation of intelligent electronic devices. Here, the aramid nanofiber/Ti3C2Tx MXene (ANF/MXene) composite films with multilayer structure were successfully prepared through a simple alternate vacuum-assisted filtration (AVAF) process. With the intervention of the ANF layer, the multilayer-structure film exhibits excellent mechanical properties. The ANF2/MXene1 composite film exhibits a tensile strength of 177.7 MPa and a breaking strain of 12.6%. In addition, the ANF5/MXene4 composite film with a thickness of only 30 μm exhibits an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency of 37.5 dB and a high EMI-specific shielding effectiveness value accounting for thickness (SSE/t) of 4718 dB·cm2 g−1. Moreover, the composite film was excellent in heat-insulation performance and in avoiding light-to-heat conversion. No burning sensation was produced on the surface of the film with a thickness of only 100 μm at a high temperature of 130 °C. Furthermore, the surface of the film was only mild when touched under simulated sunlight. Therefore, our multilayer-structure film has potential significance in practical applications such as next-generation smart electronic equipment, communications, and military applications.

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Atomic Engineering Bifunctional Niobium (V)-based Heterostructure Nanosheet for High Efficiency Lean-Electrolyte Lithium-Sulfur Full Batteries

10.21203/rs.3.rs-150414/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Haodong Shi ◽

Jieqiong Qin ◽

Pengfei Lu ◽

Cong Dong ◽

Pratteek Das ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Electrode Structure ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Dual Functional ◽

Redox Kinetics ◽

Minimum Capacity ◽

Li Ion ◽

Positive Capacity ◽

Areal Capacity ◽

Lithium Sulfur

Abstract High-efficiency lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries depend on advanced electrode structure that can attain high sulfur utilization at lean-electrolyte and limited lithium. Herein, a twinborn holey Nb4N5-Nb2O5 heterostructure is designed as a dual-functional host for both redox-kinetics-accelerated sulfur cathode and dendrite-inhibited Li anode simultaneously for long-cycling and lean-electrolyte Li-S full batteries. Benefiting from the accelerative polysulfides anchoring-diffusion converting efficiency and electronic-conducting properties of Nb4N5-Nb2O5, polysulfide-shutting is significantly alleviated. Meanwhile, the lithiophilic nature of holey Nb4N5-Nb2O5 is applied as ion-redistributor for homogeneous Li-ion deposition. Taking advantage of these merits, the Li-S full batteries present the excellent electrochemical properties, including a minimum capacity decay of 0.025% per cycle, and a high areal-capacity of 5.0 mAh cm− 2 at sulfur loading of 6.9 mg cm− 2, corresponding to negative to positive capacity ratio (2.4:1) and electrolyte to sulfur ratio (5.1 µl mg− 1). Therefore, this work opens a new avenue for boosting high-performances Li-S batteries towards practical applications.

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Real Time Observation of Nanomaterials in Energy Harvesting and Li-ion Battery Systems

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927611008725 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (S2) ◽

pp. 1570-1571

Author(s):

R Shahbazian-Yassar ◽

H Ghassemi ◽

A Asthana ◽

M Au ◽

Y Yap

Keyword(s):

Energy Harvesting ◽

Real Time ◽

Li Ion Battery ◽

Battery Systems ◽

Li Ion ◽

Time Observation ◽

Real Time Observation

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.

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Challenge-Driven Printing Strategies Toward High-Performance Solid-State Lithium Batteries

Journal of Materials Chemistry A ◽

10.1039/d1ta09322c ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Jing Wang ◽

Xingkang Huang ◽

Junhong Chen

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Lithium Batteries ◽

High Performance ◽

Form Factors ◽

Portable Devices ◽

Li Ion Batteries ◽

Battery Systems ◽

Li Ion

Solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) are promising candidates for replacing traditional liquid-based Li-ion batteries and revolutionizing battery systems for electric vehicles and portable devices. However, longstanding issues such as form factors,...

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