scholarly journals A low-cost computational approach to analyze spiking activity in cockroach sensory neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
David J. Torres ◽  
Andres Romero ◽  
Wes Colgan ◽  
Ulises M. Ricoy
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Underrepresented Students ◽  
Spike Sorting ◽  
Interspike Intervals ◽  
Sorting Process ◽  
Rural College ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Spiking Activity

Undergraduates use a spike sorting routine developed in Octave to analyze the spiking activity generated from mechanical stimulation of spines of cockroach legs with the inexpensive SpikerBox amplifier and the free software Audacity. Students learn the procedures involved in handling the cockroaches and recording extracellular action potentials (spikes) with the SpikerBox apparatus as well as the importance of spike sorting for analysis in neuroscience. The spike sorting process requires students to choose the spike threshold and spike selection criteria and interact with the clustering process that forms the groups of similar spikes. Once the spike groups are identified, interspike intervals and neuron firing frequencies can be calculated and analyzed. A classic neurophysiology lab exercise is thus adapted to be interdisciplinary for underrepresented students in a small rural college.

scholarly journals Electrical Stimulus Artifact Cancellation and Neural Spike Detection on Large Multi-Electrode Arrays

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo E. Mena ◽  
Lauren E. Grosberg ◽  
Sasidhar Madugula ◽  
Paweł Hottowy ◽  
Alan Litke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Neural Interfaces ◽  
Spike Sorting ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Retinal Prostheses ◽  
Sorting Process

AbstractSimultaneous electrical stimulation and recording using multi-electrode arrays can provide a valuable technique for studying circuit connectivity and engineering neural interfaces. However, interpreting these measurements is challenging because the spike sorting process (identifying and segregating action potentials arising from different neurons) is greatly complicated by electrical stimulation artifacts across the array, which can exhibit complex and nonlinear waveforms, and overlap temporarily with evoked spikes. Here we develop a scalable algorithm based on a structured Gaussian Process model to estimate the artifact and identify evoked spikes. The effectiveness of our methods is demonstrated in both real and simulated 512-electrode recordings in the peripheral primate retina with single-electrode and several types of multi-electrode stimulation. We establish small error rates in the identification of evoked spikes, with a computational complexity that is compatible with real-time data analysis. This technology may be helpful in the design of future high-resolution sensory prostheses based on tailored stimulation (e.g., retinal prostheses), and for closed-loop neural stimulation at a much larger scale than currently possible.Author SummarySimultaneous electrical stimulation and recording using multi-electrode arrays can provide a valuable technique for studying circuit connectivity and engineering neural interfaces. However, interpreting these recordings is challenging because the spike sorting process (identifying and segregating action potentials arising from different neurons) is largely stymied by electrical stimulation artifacts across the array, which are typically larger than the signals of interest. We develop a novel computational framework to estimate and subtract away this contaminating artifact, enabling the large-scale analysis of responses of possibly hundreds of cells to tailored stimulation. Importantly, we suggest that this technology may also be helpful for the development of future high-resolution neural prosthetic devices (e.g., retinal prostheses).

An Unsupervised Online Spike-Sorting Framework

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (05) ◽  
pp. 1550042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon Knieling ◽  
Kousik S. Sridharan ◽  
Paolo Belardinelli ◽  
Georgios Naros ◽  
Daniel Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Application ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Spike Sorting ◽  
Microelectrode Recordings ◽  
Sorting Process ◽  
Feature Normalization ◽  
Offline Analysis ◽  
Fine Tune

Extracellular neuronal microelectrode recordings can include action potentials from multiple neurons. To separate spikes from different neurons, they can be sorted according to their shape, a procedure referred to as spike-sorting. Several algorithms have been reported to solve this task. However, when clustering outcomes are unsatisfactory, most of them are difficult to adjust to achieve the desired results. We present an online spike-sorting framework that uses feature normalization and weighting to maximize the distinctiveness between different spike shapes. Furthermore, multiple criteria are applied to either facilitate or prevent cluster fusion, thereby enabling experimenters to fine-tune the sorting process. We compare our method to established unsupervised offline (Wave_Clus (WC)) and online (OSort (OS)) algorithms by examining their performance in sorting various test datasets using two different scoring systems (AMI and the Adamos metric). Furthermore, we evaluate sorting capabilities on intra-operative recordings using established quality metrics. Compared to WC and OS, our algorithm achieved comparable or higher scores on average and produced more convincing sorting results for intra-operative datasets. Thus, the presented framework is suitable for both online and offline analysis and could substantially improve the quality of microelectrode-based data evaluation for research and clinical application.

Epidermal Laser Stimulation of Action Potentials in the Frog Sciatic Nerve

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichole M. Jindra ◽  
Robert J. Thomas ◽  
Douglas N. Goddard ◽  
Michelle L. Imholte
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Laser Stimulation ◽  
Frog Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Extracellular detection of neuronal coupling

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmer Guzman ◽  
Zhuowei Cheng ◽  
Paul K. Hansma ◽  
Kenneth R. Tovar ◽  
Linda R. Petzold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Microelectrode Arrays ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Spike Sorting ◽  
Neuronal Connectivity ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Multiple Electrodes

AbstractWe developed a method to non-invasively detect synaptic relationships among neurons from in vitro networks. Our method uses microelectrode arrays on which neurons are cultured and from which propagation of extracellular action potentials (eAPs) in single axons are recorded at multiple electrodes. Detecting eAP propagation bypasses ambiguity introduced by spike sorting. Our methods identify short latency spiking relationships between neurons with properties expected of synaptically coupled neurons, namely they were recapitulated by direct stimulation and were sensitive to changing the number of active synaptic sites. Our methods enabled us to assemble a functional subset of neuronal connectivity in our cultures.

Tetrodotoxin-resistant release of ATP from superfused rabbit detrusor muscle during electrical field stimulation in the presence of luciferin–luciferase

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Chaudhry ◽  
John W. Downie ◽  
Thomas D. White
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Electrical Field Stimulation ◽  
Detrusor Muscle ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
Rabbit Bladder ◽  
Firefly Luciferin ◽  
Rabbit Urinary Bladder ◽  
Stimulation Of

The present study was carried out to assess the possible role of ATP in the noncholinergic, nonadrenergic transmission in the rabbit urinary bladder. When rabbit detrusor muscle strips were superfused with medium containing firefly luciferin–luciferase and stimulated transmurally at low stimulation parameters, tetrodotoxin-sensitive contractions were obtained but no release of ATP could be detected. However, at somewhat higher stimulation parameters, release of ATP was observed. This release of ATP was not diminished by tetrodotoxin indicating that ATP was not likely released as a result of propagated action potentials in nerves. Because contractions persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin, it is possible that the ATP might have been released as a result of direct electrical stimulation of the muscle. These results do not support the idea that ATP is released as a neurotransmitter in the rabbit bladder.

Control of feeding motor output by paracerebral neurons in brain of Pleurobranchaea californica

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gillette ◽  
M. P. Kovac ◽  
W. J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Buccal Ganglion ◽  
Pleurobranchaea Californica ◽  
Feeding Rhythm ◽  
Intracellular Stimulation ◽  
Motor Rhythm ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. A population of interneurons that control feeding behavior in the mollusk Pleurobranchaea has been analyzed by dye injection and intracellular stimulation/recording in whole animals and reduced preparations. The population consists of 12-16 somata distributed in two bilaterally symmetrical groups on the anterior edge of the cerebropleural ganglion (brain). On the basis of their position adjacent to the cerebral lobes, these cells have been named paracerebral neurons (PCNs). This study concerns pme subset pf [MCs. the large, phasic ones, which have the strongest effect on the feeding rhythm (21). 2. Each PCN sends a descending axon via the ipsilateral cerebrobuccal connective to the buccal ganglion. Axon branches have not been detected in other brain or buccal nerves and hence the PCNs appear to be interneurons. 3. In whole-animal preparations, tonic intracellular depolarization of the PNCs causes them to discharge cyclic bursts of action potentials interrupted by a characteristic hyperpolarization. In all specimens that exhibit feeding behavior, the interburst hyperpolarization is invariably accompanied by radula closure and the beginning of proboscis retraction (the "bite"). No other behavorial effect of PCN stimulation has been observed. 4. In whole-animal preparations, the PCNs are excited by food and tactile stimulation of the oral veil, rhinophores, and tentacles. When such stimuli induce feeding the PCNs discharge in the same bursting pattern seen during tonic PCN depolarization, with the cyclic interburst hyperpolarization phase locked to the bit. When specimens egest an unpalatable object by cyclic buccal movements, however, the PCNs are silent. The PCNs therefore exhibit properties expected of behaviorally specific "command" neurons for feeding. 5. Silencing one or two PCNs by hyperpolarization may weaken but does not prevent feeding induced by natural food stimuli. Single PCNs therefore can be sufficient but are not necessary to induction of feeding behavior. Instead the PCNs presumably operate as a population to control feeding. 6. In isolated nervous system preparations tonic extracellular stimulation of the stomatogastric nerve of the buccal ganglion elicits a cyclic motor rhythm that is similar in general features to the PNC-induced motor rhythm. Bursts of PCN action potentials intercalated at the normal phase position in this cycle intensify the buccal rhythm. Bursts of PCN impulses intercalated at abnormal phase positions reset the buccal rhythm. The PCNs, therefore, also exhibit properties expected of pattern-generator elements and/or coordinating neurons for the buccal rhythm. 7. The PCNs are recruited into activity when the buccal motor rhythm is elicited by stomatogastric nerve stimulation or stimulation of the reidentifiable ventral white cell. The functional synergy between the PCNs and the buccal rhythm is therefore reciprocal. 8...

Electronmicroscopic and electrophysiological studies of the teat branch of the XIII thoracic nerve: relationship with lactation in the rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Voloschin ◽  
E. Décima ◽  
J. H. Tramezzani
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Myelinated Fibres ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Electrical stimulation of the XIII thoracic nerve (the 'mammary nerve') causes milk ejection and the release of prolactin and other hormones. We have analysed the route of the suckling stimulus at the level of different subgroups of fibres of the teat branch of the XIII thoracic nerve (TBTN), which innervates the nipple and surrounding skin, and assessed the micromorphology of the TBTN in relation to lactation. There were 844 ± 63 and 868 ± 141 (s.e.m.) nerve fibres in the TBTN (85% non-myelinated) in virgin and lactating rats respectively. Non-myelinated fibres were enlarged in lactating rats; the modal value being 0·3–0·4 μm2 for virgin and 0·4–0·5 μm2 for lactating rats (P > 0·001; Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). The modal value for myelinated fibres was 3–6 μm2 in both groups. The compound action potential of the TBTN in response to electrical stimulation showed two early volleys produced by the Aα- and Aδ-subgroups of myelinated fibres (conduction velocity rate of 60 and 14 m/s respectively), and a late third volley originated in non-myelinated fibres ('C') group; conduction velocity rate 1·4 m/s). Before milk ejection the suckling pups caused 'double bursts' of fibre activity in the Aδ fibres of the TBTN. Each 'double burst' consisted of low amplitude action potentials and comprised two multiple discharges (33–37 ms each) separated by a silent period of around 35 ms. The 'double bursts' occurred at a frequency of 3–4/s, were triggered by the stimulation of the nipple and were related to fast cheek movements visible only by watching the pups closely. In contrast, the Aα fibres of the TBTN showed brief bursts of high amplitude potentials before milk ejection. These were triggered by the stimulation of cutaneous receptors during gross slow sucking motions of the pup (jaw movements). Immediately before the triggering of milk ejection the mother was always asleep and a low nerve activity was recorded in the TBTN at this time. When reflex milk ejection occurred, the mother woke and a brisk increase in nerve activity was detected; this decreased when milk ejection was accomplished. In conscious rats the double-burst type of discharges in Aδ fibres was not observed, possibly because this activity cannot be detected by the recording methods currently employed in conscious animals. During milk ejection, action potentials of high amplitude were conveyed in the Aα fibres of the TBTN. During the treading time of the stretch reaction (SR), a brisk increase in activity occurred in larger fibres; during the stretching periods of the SR a burst-type discharge was again observed in slow-conducting afferents; when the pups changed nipple an abrupt increase in activity occurred in larger fibres. In summary, the non-myelinated fibres of the TBTN are increased in diameter during lactation, and the pattern of suckling-evoked nerve activity in myelinated fibres showed that (a) the double burst of Aδ fibres, produced by individual sucks before milk ejection, could be one of the conditions required for the triggering of the reflex, and (b) the nerve activity displayed during milk-ejection action may result, at least in part, from 'non-specific' stimulation of cutaneous receptors. J. Endocr. (1988) 118, 471–483

Structure and Function of the Lateral Giant Neurone of the Primitive Crustacean Anaspides Tasmaniae

1979 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
GERALD E. SILVEY ◽  
IAN S. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Giant Fibre ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Giant Neurone ◽  
And Function ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
Stimulation Of

The syncarid crustacean Anaspides tasmaniae rapidly flexes its free thoracic and abdominal segments in response to tactile stimulation of its body. This response decrements but recovers in slightly more than one hour. The fast flexion is evoked by single action potentials in the lateral of two large diameter fibres (40 μm) which lie on either side of the cord. The lateral giant fibre is made up of fused axons of 11 neurones, one in each of the last 5 thoracic and 6 abdominal ganglia. The soma of each neurone lies contralateral to the axon. Its neurite crosses that of its counterpart in the commissure and gives out dendrites into the neuropile of each hemiganglion. The lateral giant neurone receives input from the whole body but fires in response only to input from the fourth thoracic segment posteriorly. Both fibres respond with tactile stimulation of only one side. Since neither current nor action potentials spread from one fibre to the other, afferents must synapse with both giant neurones. The close morphological and physiological similarities of the lateral giant neurone in Anaspides to that in the crayfish (Eucarida) suggest that the lateral giant system arose in the ancestor common to syncarids and eucarids, prior to the Carboniferous.

Neural Patterns Associated with Ventilatory Movements in Dragonfly Larvae

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-175
Author(s):  
P. J. MILL
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ventilatory Control ◽  
Expiratory Phase ◽  
Segmental Nerve ◽  
Ventral Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Rhythmic bursts of motor activity associated with the expiratory phase of ventilation have been recorded from the second lateral segmental nerves of posterior abdominal ganglia in Aeshna and Anax larvae. 2. In Aeshna the rhythmic expiratory bursts contain one, or sometimes two, motor units; whereas in Anax there are almost invariably three units. In both animals only one unit is associated with action potentials in the respiratory dorso-ventral muscle. 3. Motor activity synchronized with the expiratory bursts in the second nerves has been recorded from the other lateral nerves and from the last unpaired nerve. In addition the fifth lateral nerves carry inspiratory bursts. 4. It has been confirmed that stimulation of a first segmental nerve can re-set the ventilatory rhythm by initiating an expiratory burst in the second nerves. The original frequency is immediately resumed on cessation of stimulation. 5. The nature of the ventilatory control system in dragonfly larvae is discussed in relation to other rhythmic systems in the arthropods.

Synaptic transmission in the chronically decentralized middle cervical and stellate ganglia of the dog

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Armour
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Autonomic Ganglia ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Stellate Ganglia ◽  
Compound Action Potentials ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Compound Action ◽  
Stimulation Of

Afferent stimulation of one thoracic cardiopulmonary nerve generated compound action potentials in the efferent axons of other ipsilateral cardiopulmonary nerves in dogs, 14 days after their thoracic autonomic ganglia had been decentralized. The compound action potentials were influenced by the frequency of activation and (in 5 of 12 dogs) by pharmacological autonomic blocking agents (hexamethonium, atropine, phentolamine, and propranolol). Moreover, they were abolished transiently when chymotrypsin was injected locally into the ganglia, and extendedly when manganese was injected. Thus, synapses that can be activated by stimulation of afferent nerves exist in chronically decentralized thoracic autonomic nerves and ganglia. It is proposed that regulation of the heart and lungs occurs in part via thoracic autonomic neural elements independent of the central nervous system.

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