Transorgan fluxes in a porcine model reveal a central role for liver in acylcarnitine metabolism

Acylcarnitines are derived from mitochondrial acyl-CoA metabolism and have been associated with diet-induced insulin resistance. However, plasma acylcarnitine profiles have been shown to poorly reflect whole body acylcarnitine metabolism. We aimed to clarify the individual role of different organ compartments in whole body acylcarnitine metabolism in a fasted and postprandial state in a porcine transorgan arteriovenous model. Twelve cross-bred pigs underwent surgery where intravascular catheters were positioned before and after the liver, gut, hindquarter muscle compartment, and kidney. Before and after a mixed meal, we measured acylcarnitine profiles at several time points and calculated net transorgan acylcarnitine fluxes. Fasting plasma acylcarnitine concentrations correlated with net hepatic transorgan fluxes of free and C2- and C16-carnitine. Transorgan acylcarnitine fluxes were small, except for a pronounced net hepatic C2-carnitine production. The peak of the postprandial acylcarnitine fluxes was between 60 and 90 min. Acylcarnitine production or release was seen in the gut and liver and consisted mostly of C2-carnitine. Acylcarnitines were extracted by the kidney. No significant net muscle acylcarnitine flux was observed. We conclude that liver has a key role in acylcarnitine metabolism, with high net fluxes of C2-carnitine both in the fasted and fed state, whereas the contribution of skeletal muscle is minor. These results further clarify the role of different organ compartments in the metabolism of different acylcarnitine species.

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Part 6 The Trial: Le Procès, Art.76 Sentencing/Prononcé de la peine

10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0080 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Schabas William A

Keyword(s):

International Criminal Court ◽

Rome Statute ◽

International Criminal ◽

Trial Chamber ◽

Criminal Court ◽

Form Part ◽

The Individual ◽

Individual Role

This chapter comments on Article 76 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 76 governs the imposition of sentence in the event of a conviction. If the accused is convicted, the Trial Chamber is required to establish the ‘appropriate sentence’. In so doing, the Statute instructs it to consider the evidence presented and submissions made during the trial that are relevant to the sentence. Mitigating and aggravating factors relating to the commission of the crime itself, such as the individual role of the offender and of the treatment of the victims, will form part of the evidence germane to guilt or innocence and thus appear as part of the record of the trial.

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Understanding the individual role of fish, oyster, phytoplankton and macroalgae in the ecology of integrated production in earthen ponds

Aquaculture ◽

10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734297 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 512 ◽

pp. 734297 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M.E. Cunha ◽

H. Quental-Ferreira ◽

A. Parejo ◽

S. Gamito ◽

L. Ribeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Production ◽

Earthen Ponds ◽

The Individual ◽

Individual Role

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Methodology for assessing the individual role of fish, oyster, phytoplankton and macroalgae in the ecology of integrated production in earthen ponds

MethodsX ◽

10.1016/j.mex.2019.10.016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 2570-2576 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.E. Cunha ◽

H. Quental-Ferreira ◽

A. Parejo ◽

S. Gamito ◽

L. Ribeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Production ◽

Earthen Ponds ◽

The Individual ◽

Individual Role

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A reflection on a bone tissue engineering design and commercialisation project

10.26686/wgtn.17148074 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Thomas Sobiecki

Keyword(s):

Team Building ◽

Technical Information ◽

Advanced Technology ◽

Multiple Goals ◽

Enterprise Development ◽

Engineering Discipline ◽

The Individual ◽

Full Design ◽

Individual Role

<p>A commercialisation project centred round a material called synthetic nacre was undertaken as a teamas part of the 2014 Masters of Advanced Technology Enterprise (MATE) programme. There were multiple goals of: examining the individual role within the group,from an engineering discipline(mechatronics), and what it means for building successful teams; finding and developing the material for a market application, in this casethe niche ofbiodegradable osteoconductive load bearing biomaterials for orthopaedic implants; andreflecting on the personalcontribution to the commercialisation processand how successful it was. The role of an engineer to solve problems was proposed and found to be partially true in this case; additionally a secondary role in communicating technical information coherently was also apparent and important to the enterprise development. An adaptive biomaterial design concept and specification for the target application was formed using the literature and extrapolating where there was no resolution or gaps in the research. The influence of mechatronics has been established on the decision making process and direction of the commercialisation project. The design process was incomplete and therefore the enterprise develop was unsuccessful as it has not been validated by going through a full design, test, evaluate cycle. The goals of the course environment and the team building approach further reinforces this belief.</p>

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Transorgan Short-Chain Fatty Acid Fluxes in the Fasted and Postprandial State in the Pig

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00121.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah K Kirschner ◽

Gabriella A.M. Ten Have ◽

Marielle P.K.J. Engelen ◽

Nicolaas E.P. Deutz

Keyword(s):

Hepatic Clearance ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Mixed Meal ◽

Bacterial Fermentation ◽

Postprandial State ◽

Peripheral Organs ◽

Fasted State ◽

Muscle Compartment ◽

Net Fluxes

The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate are end products of intestinal bacterial fermentation and important mediators in the interplay between the intestine and peripheral organs. To unravel the transorgan fluxes and mass balance comparisons of SCFAs, we measured their net fluxes across several organs in a translational pig model. In multi-catheterized conscious pigs (n=12, 25.6 (95% CI [24.2, 26.9]) kg, 8-12 weeks old), SCFA fluxes across portal drained viscera (PDV), liver, kidneys, and hindquarter (muscle compartment) were measured after an overnight fast and in the postprandial state, 4 h after administration of a fiber-free, mixed meal. PDV was the main releasing compartment of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate during fasting and in the postprandial state (all P=0.001). Splanchnic acetate release was high due to the absence of hepatic clearance. All other SCFAs were extensively taken up by the liver (all P<0.05). Even though only 7% [4, 10] (propionate), 42% [23, 60] (butyrate), 26% [12, 39] (isovalerate), and 3% [0.4, 5] (valerate) of PDV release were excreted from the splanchnic area in the fasted state, splanchnic release of all SCFAs was significant (all P≤0.01). Splanchnic propionate, butyrate, isovalerate and valerate release remained low but significant in the postprandial state (all P<0.01). We identified muscle and kidneys as main peripheral SCFA metabolizing organs, taking up the majority of all splanchnically released SCFAs in the fasted state and in the postprandial state. We conclude that the PDV is the main SCFA releasing and the liver the main SCFA metabolizing organ. Splanchnically released SCFAs appear to be important energy substrates to peripheral organs not only in the fasted but also in the postprandial state.

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The individual role of active sites in bimetallic oxygen evolution reaction catalysts

Dalton Transactions ◽

10.1039/d0dt03448g ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (48) ◽

pp. 17505-17510

Author(s):

Guan-Bo Wang ◽

Chia-Shuo Hsu ◽

Hao Ming Chen

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Evolution ◽

Oxygen Evolution Reaction ◽

Active Sites ◽

Noble Metals ◽

Cost Effective ◽

The Family ◽

The Individual ◽

Individual Role ◽

Bimetallic Oxides

The family of bimetallic oxides, chalcogenides, and pnictides is regarded as a promising and cost-effective oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst compared to noble metals.

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Postprandial body protein synthesis and amino acid catabolism measured with leucine and phenylalanine-tyrosine tracers

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00416.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 284 (5) ◽

pp. E1037-E1042 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Paolo Tessari ◽

Edward Kiwanuka ◽

Michela Zanetti ◽

Rocco Barazzoni

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Fixed Ratio ◽

Whole Body ◽

Mixed Meal ◽

Body Protein ◽

Precursor Pool ◽

Amino Acid Data ◽

Before And After

Whether phenylalanine-tyrosine (Phe-Tyr) tracers yield estimates of postprandial protein synthesis comparable to those of the widely used leucine (Leu) tracer is unclear. We measured Leu oxidation (Ox), Phe hydroxylation (Hy), and their disposal into whole body protein synthesis before and after the administration of a mixed meal (62 kJ/kg body wt, 22% of energy as protein), over 4 h in healthy subjects. Both plasma and intracellular precursor pools were used. The amino acid data were extrapolated to body protein by assuming a fixed ratio of Leu to Phe in the proteins. In the postabsorptive state, whole body protein synthesis (expressed as mg · kg−1 · min−1) was similar between Leu and Phe-Tyr tracers irrespective of the precursor pool used. After the meal, Leu Ox, Phe Hy, and body protein synthesis increased ( P ≤ 0.01 vs. basal). With the use of intracellular precursor pools, the increase of protein synthesis with Phe-Tyr (+0.51 ±0.21 mg · kg−1 · min−1) and Leu tracers (+0.57 ± 0.14) were similar ( P = not significant). In contrast, with plasma pools the increase of protein synthesis was more than twofold greater with Phe-Tyr (+1.17 ± 0.19 mg · kg−1 · min−1) than that with Leu (0.50 ± 0.13 mg · kg−1 · min−1, P < 0.01). Direct correlations were found between Leu and Ox [using both plasma and intracellular pools ( r ≤ 0.65, P ≤ 0.01)] but not between Phe and either plasma or intracellular Hy. In conclusion, 1) Phe-Tyr and Leu tracers yield comparable estimates of body protein synthesis postprandially, provided that intracellular precursor pools are used; 2) both Leu Ox and Phe Hy are stimulated by a mixed meal; 3) Phe does not correlate with Hy, which might be better related to the (unknown) portal Phe.

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Cable Pili and the 22-Kilodalton Adhesin Are Required for Burkholderia cenocepacia Binding to and Transmigration across the Squamous Epithelium

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.73.9.5426-5437.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 73 (9) ◽

pp. 5426-5437 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Teresa A. Urban ◽

Joanna B. Goldberg ◽

Janet F. Forstner ◽

Umadevi S. Sajjan

Keyword(s):

Squamous Epithelium ◽

Burkholderia Cenocepacia ◽

Expression Library ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Large Gene ◽

Cytokeratin 13 ◽

The Individual ◽

Isogenic Mutants ◽

Individual Role

ABSTRACT Burkholderia cenocepacia strains expressing both cable (Cbl) pili and the 22-kDa adhesin bind to cytokeratin 13 (CK13) strongly and invade squamous epithelium efficiently. It has not been established, however, whether the gene encoding the adhesin is located in the cbl operon or what specific contribution the adhesin and Cbl pili lend to binding and transmigration or invasion capacity of B. cenocepacia. By immunoscreening an expression library of B. cenocepacia isolate BC7, we identified a large gene (adhA) that encodes the 22-kDa adhesin. Isogenic mutants lacking expression of either Cbl pili (cblA or cblS mutants) or the adhesin (adhA mutant) were constructed to assess the individual role of Cbl pili and the adhesin in mediating B. cenocepacia binding to and transmigration across squamous epithelium. Relative to the parent strain, mutants of Cbl pili showed reduced binding (50%) to isolated CK13, while the adhesin mutant showed almost no binding (0 to 8%). Mutants lacking either cable pili or the adhesin were compromised in their ability to bind to and transmigrate across the squamous epithelium compared to the wild-type strain, although this deficiency was most pronounced in the adhA mutant. These results indicate that both Cbl pili and the 22-kDa adhesin are necessary for the optimal binding to CK13 and transmigration properties of B. cenocepacia.

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Perturbations of Ribosomal Protein Expression Reveal Overlapping Gene Networks between Drosophila Minutes and Human Cancer

10.1101/2020.12.11.420604 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jai A Denton ◽

Mariana Velasque ◽

Floyd A Reed

Keyword(s):

Ribosomal Proteins ◽

Gene Networks ◽

Ribosome Biogenesis ◽

Human Cancer ◽

Whole Body ◽

Individual Gene ◽

Gene Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Time Specific

AbstractRibosomal proteins (RPs) are critical to all cellular operations through their key roles in ribosome biogenesis and translation, as well as their extra-ribosomal functions. Although highly tissue- and time-specific in expression, little is known about the macro-level roles of RPs in shaping transcriptomes. A wealth of RP mutants exist, including the Drosophila melanogaster Minutes, with RP encoding genes that vary from greatly under-expressed to greatly over-expressed. Leveraging a subset of these mutants and using whole-body RNA sequencing, we identified the RP macro transcriptome and then sought to compare it with transcriptomes of pathologies associated with failures of ribosomal function. Gene-based analysis revealed highly variable transcriptomes of RP mutations with little overlap in genes that were differentially expressed. In contrast, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed a highly conserved pattern across all RP mutants studied. When we compared network changes in RP mutants, we observed similarities to transcriptome alterations in human cancer, and thus confirming the oncogenic role of RPs. Therefore, what may appear stochastic at the individual gene level, forms clearly predictable patterns when viewed as a whole.

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MUSEUMS – VIEW FROM THE INSIDE

Muzealnictwo ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0010.2669 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Piotr Kosiewski

Keyword(s):

The People ◽

Museum Professionals ◽

Ethnographic Museums ◽

National Museums ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Individual ◽

University Museum ◽

Maritime Museum ◽

Individual Role

The publication Museums, exhibits, museum professionals complements our knowledge of how museums functioned in the Communist period and their situation after 1989. The book includes discussions or memoirs by eleven people vital to Polish museology, who were connected with National Museums (in Cracow, Poznań and Wrocław), museum-residences (the Wawel Museum, the Royal Castle in Warsaw), specialised museums (the National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk, the Museum of Literature in Warsaw, the Jagiellonian University Museum), ethnographic museums (in Cracow and Toruń) and the Tatra Museum, which is an example of an important regional museum in Poland. Among the people are Zofia Gołubiew, Mariusz Hermansdofer, Jerzy Litwin, Janusz Odrowąż-Pieniążek, Jan Ostrowski, Andrzej Rottermund and Stanisław Waltoś. The book presents the image of Polish museology in a scattershot but interesting way. It also mentions more detailed aspects, such as how particular museums were founded or developed in the Communist period, and the individual role of museum professionals in founding and developing the establishments they managed. However, the most attention is paid to issues regarding the state of museums after 1989. The most important of these include the contemporary functions and tasks of those establishments and the challenges they will face in the future, and the role of a musealium and its place in a contemporary museum. The observations regarding internal changes in museum institutions, in the “master-disciple” relation in the past and today, the appearance of new specialities, and the change of their status and role in institutions (for example, of people responsible for education) are also noteworthy. Another significant thread is the discussion on the definition of a “museum professional” and which museum employees may use this title.

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