Transfer of Electrolytes Across the Urinary Bladder in the Dog

1956 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Hlad ◽  
Robert Nelson ◽  
J. H. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Transfer Process ◽  
Probable Explanation ◽  
Active Mechanism ◽  
Common Ion ◽  
Plasma Compartment

The transfer of certain electrolytes (Na22, Cl36, K42 and P32O4) from the isolated urinary bladder to the plasma compartment was studied in the dog. The rate of transfer was shown to be a function of the ph of the bladder contents over a range of 5 through 8. It was also shown that the rate of transfer was decreased by addition of common ion. Na22 and Cl36 showed greater rates of transfer than did P32O4 and K42. However, ph influences held true for all isotopes. No active mechanism of transfer could be demonstrated and it was concluded that ion exchange was the probable explanation for the transfer process.

Facing the challenge of 2017: beet juice and ion exchange based softening technologies

2014 ◽  
pp. 745-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Beyerle ◽  
François Rousset ◽  
Nicolas-Julian Hilbold
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Associated Production ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Common Ion

This article will review common ion exchange-based softening technologies, describing how the most popular of them, the New Regeneration System (NRS) process, might be a key answer in facing the changes coming in 2017. The process’s principles and advantages will be explained, as well as the associated production-regeneration sequence. The combined use of additional technologies can play a critical role as well, and this article will demonstrate how the integration of additional technologies – in this case chromatography – can increase competitiveness.

scholarly journals Performance and cost characteristics of multi-electron transfer, common ion exchange non-aqueous redox flow batteries

2016 ◽  
Vol 327 ◽  
pp. 681-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney M. Laramie ◽  
Jarrod D. Milshtein ◽  
Tanya M. Breault ◽  
Fikile R. Brushett ◽  
Levi T. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Redox Flow Batteries ◽  
Flow Batteries ◽  
Common Ion ◽  
Cost Characteristics

Embedding Procedure for Water Swollen Samples

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
Ann M. Thomas ◽  
Virginia Shemeley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Exchange Resins

Those samples which swell rapidly when exposed to water are, at best, difficult to section for transmission electron microscopy. Some materials literally burst out of the embedding block with the first pass by the knife, and even the most rapid cutting cycle produces sections of limited value. Many ion exchange resins swell in water; some undergo irreversible structural changes when dried. We developed our embedding procedure to handle this type of sample, but it should be applicable to many materials that present similar sectioning difficulties.The purpose of our embedding procedure is to build up a cross-linking network throughout the sample, while it is in a water swollen state. Our procedure was suggested to us by the work of Rosenberg, where he mentioned the formation of a tridimensional structure by the polymerization of the GMA biproduct, triglycol dimethacrylate.

Effect of verapamil on cytoplasmic distribution of granules and microfilaments in amphibian urinary bladder

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 324-325
Author(s):  
A.J. Mia ◽  
L.X. Oakford ◽  
T. Yorio
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Granular Cell ◽  
Cytosolic Calcium ◽  
Calcium Storage ◽  
Amphibian Urinary Bladder ◽  
Vesicular Membrane ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Cytoskeletal System

The amphibian urinary bladder has been used as a ‘model’ system for studies of the mechanism of action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in stimulating transepithelial water flow. The increase in water permeability is accompanied by morphological changes that include the stimulation of apical microvilli, mobilization of microtubules and microfilaments and vesicular membrane fusion events . It has been shown that alterations in the cytosolic calcium concentrations can inhibit ADH transmembrane water flow and induce alterations in the epithelial cell cytomorphology, including the cytoskeletal system . Recently, the subapical granules of the granular cell in the amphibian urinary bladder have been shown to contain high concentrations of calcium, and it was suggested that these cytoplasmic constituents may act as calcium storage sites for intracellular calcium homeostasis. The present study utilizes the calcium antagonist, verapamil, to examine the effect of calcium deprivation on the cytomorphological features of epithelial cells from amphibian urinary bladder, with particular emphasis on subapical granule and microfilament distribution.

Role of PKC isozymes in water transport in toad urinary bladder

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 302-303
Author(s):  
A.J. Mia ◽  
L.X. Oakford ◽  
T. Yorio
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Toad Urinary Bladder ◽  
Pkc Isozymes ◽  
Antibody Labeling

Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, when activated, are translocated to particulate membrane fractions for transport to the apical membrane surface in a variety of cell types. Evidence of PKC translocation was demonstrated in human megakaryoblastic leukemic cells, and in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts, using FTTC immunofluorescent antibody labeling techniques. Recently, we reported immunogold localizations of PKC subtypes I and II in toad urinary bladder epithelia, following 60 min stimulation with Mezerein (MZ), a PKC activator, or antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Localization of isozyme subtypes I and n was carried out in separate grids using specific monoclonal antibodies with subsequent labeling with 20nm protein A-gold probes. Each PKC subtype was found to be distributed singularly and in discrete isolated patches in the cytosol as well as in the apical membrane domains. To determine if the PKC isozymes co-localized within the cell, a double immunogold labeling technique using single grids was utilized.

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