Effects of Anisotonicity in the Cisterna Magna and Fourth Ventricle of Cats

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Andrew ◽  
Julien Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Cerebral Spinal Fluid ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Cisterna Magna ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Brain

Following the observation that distilled water, when introduced into the cisterna magna of a cat, produced marked disturbances of autonomic function, a series of experiments was carried out to determine the effect of altering the tonicity of the cerebral spinal fluid. Observations were made on 20 cats under general anesthesia. Precautions were taken to eliminate undesirable effects from raised intracranial pressure. An increase in osmotic tension was found consistently to stimulate respiration and cause marked changes in the electrocardiogram. Reduction of the osmotic tension depressed respiratory function and could cause death. Evidence obtained from a) recording electrical activity in different parts of the brain, b) applying distilled water and hypertonic sodium chloride directly to various parts of the central nervous system, and c) interruption of neural pathways, suggests that an area of special sensitivity to alterations of tonicity in the cerebral spinal fluid exists, and that it is located in the floor of the fourth ventricle.

scholarly journals III. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system in vertebrated animals. Part I.—Ichthyopsida. Section I.—Pisces. Subsection III.—Dipnoi. On the brain of the Ceratodus forsteri

1888 ◽  
Vol 43 (258-265) ◽  
pp. 420-423
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
Large Size ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Tela Choroidea ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The brain of Ceratodus has the following general arrangement:—The membrane which represents the pia mater is of great thickness and toughness; there are two regions where a tela choroidea is developed: one where it covers in the fourth ventricle, and the other where it penetrates through the third ventricle and separates the lateral ventricles from each other. The ventricles are all of large size, and the walls of the lateral ventricles are not completed by nervous tissue. The thalamence-phalon and the mesencephalon are narrow, and the medulla oblongata is wide.

Toward the Development of a Christian Psychology: Sensation and Perception

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald L. Koteskey
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Image Of God ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Extrasensory Perception ◽  
Christian Perspective ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Meaningful Experiences ◽  
The Image Of God ◽  
The Brain

A Christian perspective on psychology is briefly reviewed. Sensation is seen as emphasizing how humans are similar to animals. Human sensory organs are similar anatomically and physiologically to those of other mammals. Humans are sensitive to similar stimuli and have similar neural pathways to the brain. Perception is seen as emphasizing how humans are created in the image of God. The central nervous system is not simply a passive receiver of sensory inputs, but an organizer of sensations, cognitions, motivations, and emotions into meaningful experiences. Extrasensory perception, meditation, drugs, dreams, and visions are also discussed from this perspective.

scholarly journals Impacted cisterna magna without syringomyelia associated with lancinating headache, throbbed nuchal pain and paraparesis treated byposterior fossa decompression

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (4b) ◽  
pp. 1228-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Alberto Gonçalves da Silva ◽  
Maria do Desterro Leiros da Costa ◽  
Luiz Ricardo Santiago Melo ◽  
Antônio Fernandes de Araújo ◽  
Everardo Bandeira de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Cisterna Magna ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cerebellar Tonsils

A 29-year-old woman with acute lancinating headache, throbbed nuchal pain and subacute paraparesis underwent brain MRI in supine position that depicted: the absence of the cisterna magna, filled by non herniated cerebellar tonsils and compression of the brain stem and cisternae of the posterior fossa, which are aspects of the impacted cisterna magna without syringomyelia and without hydrocephalus. During eight days, pain was constant and resistant to drug treatment. Osteodural-neural decompression of the posterior fossa, performed with the patient in sitting position, revealed: compression of the brainstem, fourth ventricle and foramen of Magendie by herniated cerebellar tonsils, which were aspirated. Immediately after surgery, the headache and nuchal pain remmited. MRI depicted the large created cisterna magna and also that the cerebellar tonsils did not compress the fourth ventricle, the foramen of Magendie and the brainstem, besides the enlargement of posterior fossa cisternae. Four months after surgery, headache, nuchal pain and paraparesis had disappeared but hyperactive patellar and Achilles reflexes remained.

Analysis of the actions of angiotensin on the central nervous system of conscious dogs

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (1) ◽  
pp. R82-R91 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Reid ◽  
V. L. Brooks ◽  
C. D. Rudolph ◽  
L. C. Keil
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Acth Secretion ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Corticosteroid Secretion

Angiotensin II (ANG II) acts on the brain to elevate blood pressure (BP), stimulate drinking, increase the secretion of vasopressin and corticotropin (ACTH), and inhibit the secretion of renin. The present studies were designed to evaluate the possible physiological significance of these effects. The experiments were performed in conscious dogs with small catheters chronically implanted in both carotid and both vertebral arteries. ANG II was infused into both carotid or both vertebral arteries in doses of 0.1, 0.33, 1.0, and 2.5 ng.kg-1.min-1. Intravertebral ANG II produced dose-related increases in BP that were generally accompanied by increases in heart rate. Intracarotid angiotensin also increased BP but did not change heart rate. Intracarotid ANG II stimulated drinking and, at the highest dose only, increased the secretion of vasopressin, ACTH, and corticosteroids. Intravertebral and intracarotid ANG II suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA). In a parallel series of experiments, the effects of intravenous ANG II, in doses of 2, 5, 10, and 20 ng.kg-1.min-1, were studied. These infusions produced dose-related increases in BP and water intake and suppressed PRA. Only the highest dose of ANG II increased vasopressin or corticosteroid secretion. Analysis of these results in terms of calculated or measured changes in plasma ANG II concentration indicate that the central cardiovascular and dipsogenic actions of angiotensin, as well as the suppression of PRA, can be elicited by concentrations of the peptide that are within the physiological range. On the other hand high, probably supraphysiological, levels of ANG II are required to increase vasopressin or ACTH secretion.

scholarly journals Opportunistic Disease or Metastatic Lesions: A Rare Finding in a Patient with Bladder Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
Michael Simon ◽  
Natalie Elkayam ◽  
Jonathan Smerling ◽  
Michael Marcelin ◽  
Stephan Kamholz
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Disease ◽  
Cerebral Spinal Fluid ◽  
Vasogenic Edema ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Frontal Horn ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

A 66-year-old male with a history of human immunodeficiency virus infection and metastatic bladder cancer presented to our hospital for a further workup of a focal seizure involving the patients left upper extremity. The patient was undergoing active chemotherapy at the time of admission and had a CD4 count of 111. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed multiple ring-enhancing lesions in the right frontal lobe associated with vasogenic edema, and mass effect at the right frontal horn of the lateral ventricles. As the imaging was not consistent with typical metastatic disease of the bladder, further testing was performed. A lumbar puncture was performed to assist in differentiating between malignant and infectious causes in the setting of a low CD4 count. The cerebral spinal fluid was sterile and no malignant cells were identified. Protein and glucose levels of the cerebral spinal fluid were within normal range. To confirm the presence of metastatic disease, a brain biopsy was performed and found to be consistent with metastatic carcinoma with a bladder primary. The patient subsequently underwent radiation therapy to the site of the brain metastasis.

IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN VIVO INTERLEUKIN-1B LEADS TO CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID LYMPHOCYTOSIS BUT NOT FEVER

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 81A
Author(s):  
Jeremy Blanchard ◽  
George Lum ◽  
Catherine Yun ◽  
Ki-il Song ◽  
Peter Rhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Spinal Fluid ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Use of acridine orange for histologic analysis of the central nervous system.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
J K Mai ◽  
R Schmidt-Kastner ◽  
H B Tefett
Keyword(s):  
Acridine Orange ◽  
Cresyl Violet ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Fluorescent Intensity ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Binding Mechanisms

The application of the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO) to the staining of histologic sections of the brain, and its use for automatic cyto- and histophotometric evaluation are described and compared with the results obtained using cresyl violet. The most suitable procedure for aldehyde-fixed brain tissue, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 micron, proved to be treatment of the sections with an aqueous solution of AO (1:50,000) at pH 1.2 for 30 min, followed by rinsing in distilled water for 10 min. This procedure revealed the morphology in a highly acceptable manner, clearly differentiating various cell components; its characteristics included exact reproducibility and high contrast. The degree of fading was calculable, with a very gradual decrease in fluorescent intensity. The AO procedure appears to be compatible with most other staining procedures that do not rely on the same binding mechanisms. Thus, AO staining has two advantages over the classical cytoarchitectural staining methods: first, it is more suitable for automated morphometric analysis, and second, it can be used in conjunction with immunologic and other techniques.

scholarly journals Leptin acts in the brain to influence hypoglycemic counterregulation: disparate effects of acute and recurrent hypoglycemia on glucagon release

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (12) ◽  
pp. E960-E967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace M. Reno ◽  
Yuyan Ding ◽  
Robert Sherwin
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Spinal Fluid ◽  
Glucagon Secretion ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Glucagon Release ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Acute Hypoglycemia ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Recurrent Hypoglycemia

Leptin has been shown to diminish hyperglycemia via reduced glucagon secretion, although it can also enhance sympathoadrenal responses. However, whether leptin can also inhibit glucagon secretion during insulin-induced hypoglycemia or increase epinephrine during acute or recurrent hypoglycemia has not been examined. To test whether leptin acts in the brain to influence counterregulation, hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic (∼45 mg/dl) clamps were performed on rats exposed to or not exposed to recurrent hypoglycemia (3 days, ∼40 mg/dl). Intracerebroventricular artificial cerebral spinal fluid or leptin was infused during the clamp. During acute hypoglycemia, leptin decreased glucagon responses by 51% but increased epinephrine and norepinephrine by 24 and 48%, respectively. After recurrent hypoglycemia, basal plasma leptin levels were undetectable. Subsequent brain leptin infusion during hypoglycemia paradoxically increased glucagon by 45% as well as epinephrine by 19%. In conclusion, leptin acts within the brain to diminish glucagon secretion during acute hypoglycemia but increases epinephrine, potentially limiting its detrimental effects during hypoglycemia. Exposure to recurrent hypoglycemia markedly suppresses plasma leptin, whereas exogenous brain leptin delivery enhances both glucagon and epinephrine release to subsequent hypoglycemia. These data suggest that recurrent hypoglycemia may diminish counterregulatory responses in part by reducing brain leptin action.

scholarly journals Reversible Coma: A Rare Presentation of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodi L. Kashmere ◽  
Michael J. Jacka ◽  
Derek Emery ◽  
Donald W. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Intracranial Hypotension ◽  
Cerebral Spinal Fluid ◽  
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Rare Presentation ◽  
Blood Patch ◽  
The Brain

Background:Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a well-recognized neurologic disorder that typically presents with orthostatic headaches, low cerebral spinal fluid pressures and distinct abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging.Methods:We present a case of a rare presentation of SIH.Results:A 49-year-old man presented with a two week history of orthostatic headaches that rapidly progressed to encephalopathy and coma, requiring intubation. Neuroimaging revealed abnormalities typical of SIH; diffusely enhancing pachymeninges, subdural fluid collections, and descent of the brain. Treatment with an epidural blood patch reversed his coma within minutes. Following a second blood patch, the patient became asymptomatic. No cerebral spinal leak could be identified on magnetic resonance imaging or on a nuclear medicine technetium cerebral spinal fluid flow study. At six month follow-up, he remained symptom free.Conclusion:The mechanism of coma in SIH is presumed to be compression of the diencephalon from downward displacement of the brain. Although it is very unusual for patients with SIH to present with coma, it is important to recognize since the coma may be reversible with epidural blood patches.

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