Effect of fast and hexose injection on serum insulin concentrations of sheep

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Boda
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Glucose Injection ◽  
Tenfold Increase ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Immunoreactive serum insulin concentration in 15 wethers fasted 16–24 hr was 126 ± 12 µU/ml. Exogenous glucose produced a tenfold increase in serum insulin within 15 min; concentrations remained high for 1 hr and then declined. Fructose increased both blood glucose and insulin. The maximum response of the latter was delayed, in comparison with that produced by glucose injection, and coincided with a rise of blood glucose derived from fructose conversion. Galactose produced a moderate and immediate rise in insulin associated with elevated blood glucose concentrations. There was a positive relationship between the amount of insulin secreted and the utilization rate of injected glucose. Thus, insulin released by glucose loading in the sheep is both immunologically and biologically active. Prolonged fasting depressed glucose tolerance and the amount of insulin secreted following glucose injection. Certain characteristics of the sheep, such as reduced glucose tolerance and low glucose oxidation, are not due to a relative lack of circulating insulin or to an inability of hyperglycemia to mobilize insulin stores.

scholarly journals Long-term hyperglucagonaemia induces early metabolic and renal phenotypes of Type 2 diabetes in mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 114 (9) ◽  
pp. 591-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao C. Li ◽  
Tang-dong Liao ◽  
Jia L. Zhuo
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Glomerular Injury ◽  
Glucagon Receptor

Clinical studies have shown that patients with early Type 2 diabetes often have elevated serum glucagon rather than insulin deficiency. Imbalance of insulin and glucagon in favouring the latter may contribute to impaired glucose tolerance, persistent hyperglycaemia, microalbuminuria and glomerular injury. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that long-term glucagon infusion induces early metabolic and renal phenotypes of Type 2 diabetes in mice by activating glucagon receptors. Five groups of adult male C57BL/6J mice were treated with vehicle, glucagon alone (1 μg/h via an osmotic minipump, intraperitoneally), glucagon plus the glucagon receptor antagonist [Des-His1-Glu9]glucagon (5 μg/h via an osmotic minipump), [Des-His1-Glu9]glucagon alone or a high glucose load alone (2% glucose in the drinking water) for 4 weeks. Glucagon infusion increased serum glucagon by 129% (P<0.05), raised systolic BP (blood pressure) by 21 mmHg (P<0.01), elevated fasting blood glucose by 42% (P<0.01), impaired glucose tolerance (P<0.01), increased the kidney weight/body weight ratio (P<0.05) and 24 h urinary albumin excretion by 108% (P<0.01) and induced glomerular mesangial expansion and extracellular matrix deposition. These responses were associated with marked increases in phosphorylated ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and Akt signalling proteins in the liver and kidney (P<0.01). Serum insulin did not increase proportionally. Concurrent administration of [Des-His1-Glu9]glucagon with glucagon significantly attenuated glucagon-increased BP, fasting blood glucose, kidney weight/body weight ratio and 24 h urinary albumin excretion. [Des-His1-Glu9]glucagon also improved glucagon-inpaired glucose tolerance, increased serum insulin by 56% (P<0.05) and attenuated glomerular injury. However, [Des-His1-Glu9]glucagon or high glucose administration alone did not elevate fasting blood glucose levels, impair glucose tolerance or induce renal injury. These results demonstrate for the first time that long-term hyperglucagonaemia in mice induces early metabolic and renal phenotypes of Type 2 diabetes by activating glucagon receptors. This supports the idea that glucagon receptor blockade may be beneficial in treating insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetic renal complications.

Glucoprivic feeding behavior in absence of other signs of glucoprivation.

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (6) ◽  
pp. E617 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Ritter ◽  
M Roelke ◽  
M Neville
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Regular Insulin ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Glucoprivic Feeding

When rats were denied immediate access to food after subcutaneous injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), the glucoprivically induced sympathoadrenal hyperglycemia subsided spontaneously within 6 h. However, if food was returned to the rats 6 h after 2DG injection, they still ate significantly more than after saline control injections. Rats injected with insulin also increased their feeding even when food was withheld until the animals had returned to normoglycemia. Injections of exogenous glucose sufficient to elevate blood glucose concentrations above normal failed to inhibit increased feeding observed when food was returned 6 h after injection of regular insulin. These data show that 2DG and insulin-induced feeding can occur in the absence of overt signs of glucoprivation and suggest that the glucoprivic control may be operable in the day-to-day control of feeding when other signs of glucoprivation are not readily observable.

Seasonal changes in glucose tolerance and glycogen disposition in a lizard

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Di Maggio ◽  
Herbert C. Dessauer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Anolis Carolinensis ◽  
Fasting Level ◽  
Glucose Injection ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Forty milligrams of glucose in 0.4 ml of water were injected intraperitoneally into fasted adult male lizards, Anolis carolinensis, in different seasons. At intervals of 3 hr to 5 days following injection lizards were sacrificed and their tissues analyzed for carbohydrate. Blood glucose returned to fasting level in less than 36 hr in spring and summer but remained above fasting level for over 2 days during autumn and winter. Generally, 4–6 g of glycogen were deposited per 100 g of liver per day. Greater quantities of glycogen were deposited in liver during autumn than in other seasons. The rate of decrease of liver glycogen was slowest in autumn and winter. Extrahepatic glycogen did not increase after glucose injection in early summer and autumn but rose significantly in winter and spring. The decreased "glucose tolerance" of Anolis and its increased capacity to store glycogen in autumn and winter may be due to a decreased rate of carbohydrate oxidation in these seasons.

Insulin release and carbohydrate tolerance in hyperthyroid patients during non-selective or selective β-l-adrenoceptor blockade

1980 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ove R. Nilsson ◽  
Bertil Kågedal ◽  
Lennart Tegler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
K Value ◽  
Carbohydrate Tolerance ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

Abstract. The insulin release and the glucose disappearance rate (K-value) during an iv glucose tolerance test were evaluated in 20 hyperthyroid patients before and during treatment with either a non-selective (propranolol, n = 10) or a selective (metoprolol, n = 10) β-l-adrenoceptor blocking agent. Mean daily doses were 240 mg of propranolol and 280 mg of metoprolol, administered four times daily for 10 to 14 days. The insulin increase after glucose injection remained unchanged during treatment with each drug. Fasting blood glucose concentrations and the K-values were not altered during treatment. Sixteen patients were re-investigated 10 to 36 weeks later when euthyroid due to treatment by surgery, thyrostatic drugs or radioiodine. In the euthyroid state mean serum insulin concentrations after the glucose load were not significantly different from the values found when the patients were hyperthyroid. However, mean fasting blood glucose concentrations decreased from 5.5 mmol/l to 5.0 (P < 0.01) and the mean K-value increased from 1.5 to 2.0 (P < 0.05) when the patients were euthyroid. It is concluded that short-term treatment of hyperthyroid patients with non-selective or selective β-l-adrenoceptor blocking agents does not impair the glucose stimulated insulin secretion or the carbohydrate tolerance.

scholarly journals Blackthorn Flower Extract Impact on Glycaemic Homeostasis in Normoglycemic and Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycaemic C57BL/6 Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Crnić ◽  
Tajana Frančić ◽  
Petar Dragičević ◽  
Vedran Balta ◽  
Verica Dragović-Uzelac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Flower Extract ◽  
Prunus Spinosa

Research background. The use of plants and their extracts in treatments of chronic diseases is widely known in traditional medicine. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of 10-day consumption of Prunus spinosa L. flower extract on blood glucose, glycaemic load, serum α-amlyase and serum insulin, in normoglycaemic and hypergycaemic (alloxan) mice model. Experimental approach. Normoglycemic and hyperglycemic (alloxan treated, 150 mg/kg body mass) C57BL/6 mice were treated daily, during 10 days, with Prunus spinosa L. flower extract by gavage. The sugar content within extract was determined by HPLC analysis. In mice, blood and serum blood glucose level and OGTT-test were determined by blood glucometer. Serum insulin was determined by ELISA assay and α-amlyase by colourimetric assay. Results and conclusions. The Prunus spinosa L. flower extract increased glucose in normoglycaemic mice by 30 % after 1st and 5th day and by 17 % after 10th day of consumption in normoglycaemic mice. It is a consequence of released sugars because sugar analysis revealed 59.8 mg/L monosaccharides, mainly fructose (55.7 mg/L) and glucose (24.3 mg/L) within the extract. On the opposite, the extract consumption, reduced serum blood glucose in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic mice by 29 % after 10 days of treatment. Oral glucose tolerance test also confirmed that that in the hyperglycaemic group treated with Prunus spinosa L. flower extract glucose homeostasis was improved and showed decrease in blood glucose, since the blood glucose over the period of 120 min, glucose homeostasis is faster achieved after treatment with shows that in Prunus spinosa L. flower extract. Serum insulin increased by 49 % and serum alpha amylase by 46 % after 10 days of treatment with Prunus spinosa L. flower extract in hyperglycaemic group. Thus, it can be concluded that Prunus spinosa L. flower extract improved glucose tolerance, enhanced insulin secretion and lowered serum α-amylase activity. Novelty and scientific contribution. The results examined for the first time the potential of Prunus spinosa L. flower extract in hyperglycaemia management.

scholarly journals Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Continuing Debate in Definition and Management

PRILOZI ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orhideja Stomnaroska-Damcevski ◽  
Elizabeta Petkovska ◽  
Snezana Jancevska ◽  
Dragan Danilovski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Neonatal Hypoglycemia ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Abstract Neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) is one of the most common abnormalities encountered in the newborn. Maintaining glucose homeostasis is one of the important physiological events during fetal-to-neonatal transition. Transient low blood glucose concentrations are frequently encountered in the majority of healthy newborns and are the reflections of normal metabolic adaptation processes. Nevertheless, there is a great concern that prolonged or recurrent low blood glucose levels may result in long-term neurological and developmental consequences. Strikingly, it was demonstrated that the incidence and timing of low glucose concentrations in the groups most at risk for asymptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia, did not find association between repetitive low glucose concentrations and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. On the contrary, NH due to hyperinsulinism is strongly associated with brain injury. Fundamental issue of great professional controversy is concerning the best manner to manage asymptomatic newborns NH. Both, overtreating NH and undertreating NH are poles with significant potential disadvantages. Therefore, NH is one of the most important issues in the day-to-day practice. This article appraises the critical questions of definition (widely accepted blood glucose concentration: < 2.6 mmol/l or 47 mg/dl), follow-up ad management of NH.

Endogenous and Exogenous Insulin Responses in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Errol G. Wilmshurst ◽  
J. Stuart Soeldner ◽  
Douglas S. Holsclaw ◽  
Robert L. Kaufmann ◽  
Harry Shwachman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Lower Serum ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Levels

Eight male patients with cystic fibrosis, normal nutrition, normal physical activity, relatively mild pulmonary disease, no evidence of liver disease and no family history of diabetes mellitus underwent a series of carbohydrate tolerance tests in comparison with a group of 18 normal male subjects matched for age and body weight. Compared with the normal group, the patients with cystic fibrosis had significantly impaired glucose tolerance and significantly lower serum immunoreactive insulin levels during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests; serum insulin levels were also significantly lower after intravenous administration of tolbutamide in the patients with cystic fibrosis, but the reduction in blood glucose concentration in each group was not significantly different. During an intravenous insulin test, the decrease in blood glucose concentration was the same for both groups, in spite of significantly lower serum insulin levels in the patients with cystic fibrosis. The percentage fall in plasma free fatty acids was at least as great in the patients with cystic fibrosis as in normals during the test procedures, while a significant decrease in plasma alpha-amino nitrogen after intravenously administered insulin was seen only in the patients with cystic fibrosis. These studies suggest that the carbohydrate intolerance of cystic fibrosis is consequent upon an impaired insulin response to glucose, but that this insulin deficiency is partly compensated for by increased peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin.

A short bout of stair climbing–descending exercise attenuates postprandial hyperglycemia in middle-aged males with impaired glucose tolerance

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Takaishi ◽  
Kenro Imaeda ◽  
Tsutomu Tanaka ◽  
Toshio Moritani ◽  
Tatsuya Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Impaired Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Postprandial Hyperglycemia ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Short Bout ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Exercise is a useful modality to ameliorate postprandial hyperglycemia. Here we show that a short bout (∼6 min) of stair climbing–descending exercise (STAIR) starting at 90 min after meal accelerates the decrease in blood glucose concentrations in middle-aged sedentary men with impaired glucose tolerance, although STAIR is easy to perform and keeps the exercise intensity at a moderate level.

scholarly journals The glucose tolerance test in mice: sex, drugs and protocol.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilda Kennard ◽  
Manasi Nandi ◽  
Sarah Chapple ◽  
Aileen King
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Tests ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Background and Purpose: Glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) are commonly used in preclinical studies but are poorly standardised. Male mice are often preferred due to more severe phenotypes which may aid in detecting drug effects. Using novel glucose telemetry in undisturbed mice, the effect of different pre-GTT protocols on blood glucose concentrations, GTTs and detection of drug effects were considered. Experimental Approach: Seven male and female C57Bl/6J mice (8-10 weeks) were implanted with HD-XG glucose telemetry devices. Mice were fasted for 16h overnight or 6h in the daytime following a whole cage change, cage change with retention of used bedding or no cage change prior to i.p.GTTs. Glucose tolerance following oral glucose gavage was compared to voluntary ingestion of gels. Using the most refined procedures, 250mg/kg oral metformin and 10nmol/kg i.p. exendin-4 were tested. Key Results: Blood glucose initially increased following cage changing at the start of the fast. For 6h fasting, retaining bedding reduced these initial responses and produced more timely glucose reductions whereas 16h fasts caused pronounced hypoglycaemia. Impaired glucose tolerance in males was exaggerated following 16h fasting or whole cage changes. Refined procedures including voluntarily ingested glucose gels blunted responses but the effects of exendin-4 and metformin were still observable in both sexes. Conclusion and Implications: Variations in GTT protocol can have profound effects on glucose homeostasis. Improved glucose tolerance due to protocol refinement and/or the use of females still allows for detection of drug effects providing evidence that more severe phenotypes are not required when testing drugs.

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