Heat loss from feet of herring gulls at rest and during flight

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 920-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
RV Baudinette ◽  
JP Loveridge ◽  
KJ Wilson ◽  
CD Mills ◽  
K Schmidt-Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Larus Argentatus ◽  
Herring Gull ◽  
Herring Gulls

The role of the feet of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) in heat dissipation was estimated during rest and wind-tunnel flight. We determined the blood flow to the feet and the arteriovenous temperature difference and thus estimated heat loss from the feet. Determinations of oxygen consumption and respiratory water loss at rest gave a heat production of about 8 W; 37-56% of this heat was lost from the feet (air temp = 10-35 degrees C). During flight heat production was estimated to be about 57 W and heat loss from the feet was 46 W, about 80% of the heat production in flight. Thus the webbed feet are an important avenue of heat loss in the herring gull.

scholarly journals The herring gull Larus argentatus as a likely transmitting agent of Salmonella montevideo to sheep and cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Coulson ◽  
J. Butterfield ◽  
C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Larus Argentatus ◽  
Herring Gull ◽  
Breeding Area ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Herring Gulls ◽  
Wintering Area

SUMMARYThis paper presents evidence for the involvement of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) as vectors in the recent outbreaks of Salmonella montevideo in sheep and cattle in Scotland and suggests that the transfer can take place over considerable distances. The breeding area in Scotland of herring gulls which overwinter in N.E. England is remarkably similar to the geographical distribution of the outbreaks. This pattern, together with the feeding behaviour of herring gulls on farmland, the presence of S. montevideo in herring gulls just before their departure from the wintering area and the timing of the return just before the peak of outbreaks are all circumstantial evidence implicating this gull in the outbreaks. The rapid return of these gulls to their breeding areas means that S. montevideo can be transported long distances in one day and raises the possibility that the original source of S. montevideo could have been in N. E. England rather than in Scotland.

Responsiveness of young herring gulls to stimuli from their own and other species: effects of training with food

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1452-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Larus Argentatus ◽  
Herring Gull ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Herring Gulls ◽  
Species Effects ◽  
Initial Tendency ◽  
Food Conditioning

Young herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are known to emit vocalizations and approach their mew-calling parents when the latter return lo the colony with food for their chicks. In contrast, laboratory-reared young deprived of experience with adults approach and vocalize only rarely lo parental mew calls, although they will respond more strongly to the mew calls of two other species. These results suggest that posthatch experience, such as receipt of food from a calling parent, may be important for the normal development of responses to species typical calls. I tested the effects of food training by exposing young herring gulls, in the laboratory, lo mew calls during feedings. By 7 days of age, responses to herring gull calls increased significantly for young trained with these calls, and the initial tendency for the young to respond selectively to mew calls of the ring-billed gull (L. delawarensis) was reversed. Food training also influenced approach and vocal responses to a visual stimulus (my hand) used to deliver food. Results suggest that approach and vocal responses of young herring gulls may be strongly and adaptively influenced by food conditioning during the first few days after hatching.

Role of adenosine in postprandial and reactive hyperemia in canine jejunum

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (4) ◽  
pp. G487-G493 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Sawmiller ◽  
C. C. Chou
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Adenosine Deaminase ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Concentration Difference ◽  
Adenosine Concentration ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Increased Blood Flow

The role of adenosine in postprandial jejunal hyperemia was investigated by determining the effect of placement of predigested food into the jejunal lumen on blood flow and oxygen consumption before and during intra-arterial infusion of dipyridamole (1.5 microM arterial concn) or adenosine deaminase (9 U/ml arterial concn) in anesthetized dogs. Neither drug significantly altered resting jejunal blood flow and oxygen consumption. Before dipyridamole or deaminase, food placement increased blood flow by 30-36%, 26-42%, and 21-46%, and oxygen consumption by 13-22%, 21-22%, and 26-29%, during 0- to 3-, 4- to 7-, and 8- to 11-min placement periods, respectively. Adenosine deaminase abolished the entire 11-min hyperemia, whereas dipyridamole significantly enhanced the initial 7-min hyperemia (45-49%). Both drugs abolished the initial 7-min food-induced increase in oxygen consumption. Dipyridamole attenuated (14%), whereas deaminase did not alter (28%), the increased oxygen consumption that occurred at 8-11 min. Adenosine deaminase also prevented the food-induced increase in venoarterial adenosine concentration difference. In separate series of experiments, luminal placement of food significantly increased jejunal lymphatic adenosine concentration and release. Also, reactive hyperemia was accompanied by an increase in venous adenosine concentration and release. This study provides further evidence to support the thesis that adenosine plays a role in postprandial and reactive hyperemia in the canine jejunum.

The effects of ice cover over the colony site on reproductive activities of herring gulls

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Morris ◽  
John W. Chardine
Keyword(s):  
Lake Erie ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Larus Argentatus ◽  
Herring Gull ◽  
Herring Gulls ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Colony Site ◽  
Reproductive Activities

The substrate at a herring gull (Larus argentatus) colony on Lake Erie near Port Colborne, Ontario (Lighthouse), was completely covered by a thick layer of ice throughout April and early May 1982. Egg laying normally begins at this location in mid-April. An adjacent herring gull colony (Canada Furnace) was ice free. Herring gull pairs at the Lighthouse colony defended territories on top of the ice but only 3 of about 90 pairs built nests on the ice. Birds neither deserted the colony nor moved within it to ice-free areas as these became available. The mean date of egg laying at the Lighthouse colony in 1982 was about 2 weeks later than in the previous year. At the adjacent Canada Furnace colony, there was no difference in the mean date of egg laying between the 2 years. There were no differences in the distribution of clutch sizes, mean clutch sizes, or hatching success of three-egg clutches laid within ± 1 SD of the mean date of egg laying at either colony in the 2 years. By these measures, the ice-induced delay in breeding chronology of birds at the Lighthouse colony in 1982 did not adversely effect reproductive performance in that year.

Renal oxygen consumption, thermogenesis, and amino acid utilization during i.v. infusion of amino acids in man

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (5) ◽  
pp. E648-E655 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Brundin ◽  
J. Wahren
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Renal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Renal Oxygen

The renal contribution to the amino acid-induced whole body thermogenesis was examined. Using indirect calorimetry and catheter techniques, pulmonary and renal oxygen uptake and blood flow, blood temperatures, and net renal exchange of amino acids, glucose and lactate were measured in eight healthy men before and during 3 h of intravenous infusion of 720 kJ of an amino acid solution. During the infusion, the pulmonary oxygen uptake increased from 252 +/- 12 to 310 +/- 8 ml/min, cardiac output increased from 5.9 +/- 0.3 to 6.8 +/- 0.3 l/min, and the arterial blood temperature increased from 36.34 +/- 0.04 to 36.68 +/- 0.07 degrees C. Renal oxygen consumption, heat production, blood flow, and net glucose exchange remained unchanged during the infusion. The net renal uptake of amino acid energy from the blood rose from 2 +/- 2 to 11 +/- 4 W. The total renal energy expenditure was 9-10 W throughout the study period. It is concluded that intravenous amino acid infusion greatly augments the uptake and utilization of amino acids in the kidneys but does not stimulate the renal oxygen consumption, heat production, blood flow, or glucose release.

Role of adenosine in norepinephrine-induced coronary vasodilation

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (2) ◽  
pp. H557-H565 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Van Bibber ◽  
D. W. Stepp ◽  
K. Kroll ◽  
E. O. Feigl
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Coronary Blood Flow ◽  
Adenosine Receptor ◽  
Myocardial Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Adenosine Concentration

Adenosine has been postulated to be the physiological transmitter coupling increases in coronary blood flow to increases in myocardial metabolism. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the role of adenosine in the coronary hyperemia due to norepinephrine. In 11 anesthetized, closed-chest canine preparations, the left main coronary artery was cannulated and perfused with blood at 100 mmHg. Coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were measured, and interstitial adenosine concentration was estimated from arterial and coronary venous measurements using a distributed model. Adenosine receptor blockade with 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) was used to shift the adenosine dose-response curve 12-fold. During intracoronary norepinephrine infusion, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption increased similarly before and after 8-PT, demonstrating a lack of an effect from the adenosine receptor blockade. Before 8-PT, estimated interstitial adenosine increased to a vasoactive concentration (220 nM); however, the temporal correlation with coronary blood flow was poor. After 8-PT, a similar increase in estimated interstitial adenosine was found, demonstrating that there was no augmentation in adenosine concentration to overcome the adenosine receptor blockade. Thus adenosine could not be responsible for the increase in coronary blood flow after adenosine receptor blockade and therefore is not required for norepinephrine-induced hyperemia.

Effects of restraint on oxygen consumption of the cold exposed guinea pig

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Physiological Changes

The oxygen consumption of cold exposed, restrained guinea pigs is significantly greater than that of cold exposed, nonrestrained controls. Similar observations have been made for the rat ( Canad. J. Biochem. & Physiol. 33:654, 1955). These data strongly suggest that heat production is greater in the restrained animal than in the nonrestrained control. The hypothermia, then, accompanying restraint in the cold cannot be laid to a decreased muscular activity (muscular activity is actually increased) and a consequently lessened heat production, as suggested by some ( J. Appl. Physiol. 12:214, 1958). It must be due, as demonstrated for the rat ( Am. J. Physiol. 193:557, 1958), to an increased rate of heat loss. The marked physiological changes accompanying restraint should serve as a warning to the investigator who uses restraint for convenience in data collection. Submitted on July 11, 1958

Increased heat loss in ovariectomized hypothyroid rats treated with estradiol

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (1) ◽  
pp. R70-R76
Author(s):  
M. L. Laudenslager ◽  
H. J. Carlisle ◽  
S. E. Calvano
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Thermal Balance ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Absolute Rate ◽  
Intact Female ◽  
Dry Heat

The role of the thyroid in the mediation of an estrogen-associated change in thermal balance was studied in thyroidectomized and in propylthiouracil-treated ovariectomized rats. Prior to propylthiouracil treatment, estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats and intact female rats had higher rates of heat production and dry heat loss at -5 degrees C than ovariectomized rats. Heat production of estrogen-treated and intact female rats was well below their rates of dry heat loss without an alteration in the absolute rate of heat loss in the hypothyroid condition. Heat production exceeded heat loss only in the hypothyroid ovariectomized group not receiving estrogen. Ovariectomized rats without estrogen maintained thermal balance, whereas rectal temperatures fell in both intact and estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats during cold exposure. Increased heat loss unbalanced by heat production was also observed in surgically thyroidectomized estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats tested at -5 degrees C. These results suggest that an estrogen-induced increase in heat loss, which is compensated by an increase in heat production in the euthyroid but not the hypothyroid condition, is one mechanism responsible for estrogen-associated changes in thermal balance during cold exposure.

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