Two families of phase-response curves characterize the resetting of the hamster circadian clock

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (6) ◽  
pp. R1149-R1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Smith ◽  
F. W. Turek ◽  
J. S. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Golden Hamster ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Phase Shifting ◽  
Circadian Pacemaker ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Phase Response Curves ◽  
Light Pulses ◽  
Circular Test ◽  
The Common

Phase-response curves (PRCs) have been reported for a wide variety of agents that induce phase shifts in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in the golden hamster. Many of these PRCs appear to be quite similar to one another. Because of the important role that the interpretation of PRCs has played in understanding the dynamics of the mammalian circadian pacemaker, a review of PRCs for the golden hamster reported from 1964 to 1991 was conducted to systematically summarize the common characteristics among these PRCs. Plots of phases associated with the peak of the advance portions, or of phases associated with the transitions between the delay and advance portion of the PRCs, revealed bimodal distributions of PRCs 11-13 h apart. Mardia-Watson-Wheeler circular test statistics indicated that the PRCs were distributed as two distinct populations. PRCs were either characteristic of those for light pulses (L-PRCs), or of those for dark pulses (D-PRCs). Taken with anatomical and physiological evidence, these data suggest that either one or two final common pathways may exist to mediate the phase-shifting effects of different stimuli.

Evidence for a role of GABA and Mas-allatotropin in photic entrainment of the circadian clock of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (10) ◽  
pp. 1459-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Petri ◽  
Uwe Homberg ◽  
Rudolf Loesel ◽  
Monika Stengl
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
Circadian Pacemaker ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Phase Response Curves ◽  
Accessory Medulla ◽  
Leucophaea Maderae ◽  
Central Pacemaker

SUMMARY Accumulating evidence suggests that the accessory medulla is the location of the circadian pacemaker in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogasterand the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. γ-Aminobutyric acid(GABA) and Mas-allatotropin are two putative neurotransmitters, in the accessory medulla in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. Neurons immunoreactive to the neuropeptide Mas-allatotropin are local neurons with arborizations in the noduli of the accessory medulla, while GABA-immunoreactive neurons connect the noduli of the accessory medulla to the medulla and to the lamina via processes in the distal tract. Injections of GABA and Mas-allatotropin into the vicinity of the accessory medulla resulted in stable phase-dependent resetting of the circadian locomotor activity of the cockroach. The resulting phase response curves closely matched light-dependent phase response curves, suggesting that both substances play a role in circuits relaying photic information from circadian photoreceptors to the central pacemaker.

Phase response curves to light in young and old hamsters

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (2) ◽  
pp. R491-R495 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Rosenberg ◽  
P. C. Zee ◽  
F. W. Turek
Keyword(s):  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Break Point ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Phase Response Curves ◽  
Light Pulses ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Circadian Time ◽  
Free Running Period

The phase-shifting effects of 1-h light pulses on the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity were measured in young (less than 12 mo old) and old (greater than 16 mo old) hamsters. Phase response curves (PRCs) for both age groups showed an inactive region [approximately circadian time (CT) 0 through CT12], a delay region (CT12 through CT16), and an advance region (CT16 through CT24) as has been reported for young animals. Significant age group differences in the amplitude of phase shifts were measured, with older animals showing larger shifts limited to the region of the "break point" at CT16. The free-running period of the activity rhythm was measured before the first light pulse; age-related decreases of period length consistent with previous reports were measured. The findings indicate that the response of the circadian clock to the major environmental synchronizing agent, light, is different in old hamsters compared with young adults.

Entrainment of the circadian rhythm from the eye of Aplysia: role of serotonin

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (3) ◽  
pp. R326-R332
Author(s):  
G. Corrent ◽  
A. Eskin ◽  
I. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Phase Shift ◽  
Transmitter Release ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Phase Shifts ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Phase Shifting ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Light Pulses

The finding that serotonin (5-HT) treatments as short as 1.5 h in duration produce phase shifts in a circadian rhythm from the isolated eye of Aplysia suggested that release of 5-HT was part of an ocular entrainment pathway. Since light cycles entrain this rhythm, we compared phase shifting by 5-HT and by light. The similarity in the shapes of the phase-response curves for 5-HT and light pulses indicates that 5-HT treatments are capable of entraining the rhythm. Also, "skeleton" 5-HT treatments phase shift as well as continuous 5-HT treatments. However, 5-HT does not appear to mediate the phase shifts produced by light, since 1) treatments that should block transmitter release do not change the phase shifts produced by light pulses; 2) the response curves of 5-HT and light pulses are displaced by 12 h relative to one another on the phase axis of the response curve; and 3) light-induced phase shifts are apparent almost immediately, whereas 5-HT-induced phase shifts become evident only about 24 h after 5-HT treatment. The eye appears to contain two independent entrainment pathways, one for light and one utilizing 5-HT.

Circadian pacemakers in lizards: phase-response curves and effects of pinealectomy

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (6) ◽  
pp. R857-R864 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Light ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Continuous Darkness ◽  
Phase Response Curves ◽  
Light Pulses ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Free Running Period

Phase-response curves (PRCs) for 6-h fluorescent light pulses are described for both intact (sham-pinealectomized) and pinealectomized iguanid lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis). Although strongly diurnal in habit the PRC for intact lizards is more typical of those seen in nocturnal rodents. Other "nocturnal" characteristics of this lizard include the fact that the average free-running period (tau) is less than 24 h and the average tau in continuous light is longer than that observed in continuous darkness. The PRC for pinealectomized lizards is greatly distorted relative to that obtained from intact lizards. This "distortion" is discussed in terms of the role of the pineal as a coupling device or as a pacemaker within a multioscillator circadian system. In some individuals pinealectomy was also associated with 1) increased instability in free-running activity rhythms or arrhythmicity and 2) nocturnal entrainment to LD 12:12.

Free-running rhythms and light- and dark-pulse phase response curves for diurnal Octodon degus (Rodentia)

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. R278-R286 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Lee ◽  
S. E. Labyak
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Phase Response Curves ◽  
Octodon Degus ◽  
Light Pulses ◽  
Significant Phase ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Dark Pulse ◽  
Diurnal Mammal

Only rarely have precise, short-duration light pulses been used to generate phase response curves (PRCs) in diurnal mammals as done for nocturnal mammals, and a dark-pulse PRC has never been generated for a diurnal mammal. In addition, the relationship between free-running rhythms in different light intensities and PRCs has not been explored in diurnal mammals. We examined these relationships in Octodon degus, a diurnal hystricomorph rodent. Male degus lengthened the circadian period (tau) and duration of daily activity (alpha) after an increase in light intensity from 0 (DD) to 250 lx, and tau was furthered lengthened when light intensity increased from 580 to 5,800 lx. To generate a light-pulse PRC, degus were housed in DD and exposed to 20-min light pulses (250 lx) and phase shifts recorded across the circadian day. Two different PRCs were generated in response to 20-min light pulses. The majority of animals produced significant phase delays between circadian time (CT) 0 and CT 6, phase advances between CT 13 and CT 22, and a nonsignificant response period between CT 8 and CT 13. Two animals produced a PRC devoid of significant phase delays, producing only significant phase advances between CT 17 and CT 24. To generate a dark-pulse PRC, animals were moved to LL (580 lx) and exposed to 1-h dark pulses. After dark pulses degus produced significant phase delays between CT 20 and CT 8, advances from CT 10 to CT 17, and nonsignificant responses between CT 18 and CT 20. This is the first report of a PRC to dark-pulse stimuli for a diurnal mammal. Thus light- and dark-pulse PRCs can be generated in a comparable way to those of nocturnal rodents, and we conclude that nocturnal and diurnal rodents use similar photic signals to produce somewhat different PRCs.

Robotics Application of a Method for Analytically Computing Infinitesimal Phase Response Curves

2020 ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
Marshaun N. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Yangyang Wang ◽  
Peter J. Thomas ◽  
Roger D. Quinn ◽  
Nicholas S. Szczecinski
Keyword(s):  
Phase Response ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Phase Response Curves
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