Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (3) ◽  
pp. F353-F358 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Abernethy ◽  
W. Chin ◽  
J. B. Hay ◽  
H. Rodela ◽  
D. Oreopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption

Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity has been investigated in anesthetized sheep. Studies involving intraperitoneal administration of a complex of Evans blue dye and bovine serum albumin demonstrated the existence of three anatomically distinct pathways. In the first pathway, dye is removed from the peritoneal cavity by diaphragmatic lymphatics that pass into caudal sternal lymph nodes. Efferent lymphatics from these nodes transport the material to cranial sternal lymph nodes. Efferent cranial sternal lymphatics then convey the material either directly or indirectly, via tracheal lymphatic trunks, to the right lymph duct. In the second pathway, the complex is transported from the peritoneal cavity by diaphragmatic lymphatics that pass into the caudal mediastinal lymph node. Efferent lymphatic ducts from this node transport the material to the thoracic duct. The third pathway appears to involve transport of the dye across the mesothelial lining of the abdominal viscera and removal from the interstitium by afferent visceral lymphatics. Material taken up in this manner is ultimately transported to the thoracic duct by efferent visceral lymphatics. Experiments involving measurements of lymphatic absorption of 125I-labeled human serum albumin from the peritoneal cavity indicated that, over the 6-h period studied, 4.55 +/- 1.20 and 1.43 +/- 0.56% of the injected tracer could be recovered in thoracic duct lymph and caudal mediastinal efferent lymph, respectively, and the sum of these values represented 26% of the recovered radioactivity. On the other hand, 16.95 +/- 6.93% of the injected radioactivity could be found in the blood over the same period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Lymphatic drainage of hypertonic solution from peritoneal cavity of anesthetized and conscious sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 859-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Tran ◽  
H. Rodela ◽  
N. J. Abernethy ◽  
Z. Y. Yuan ◽  
J. B. Hay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Conscious Sheep ◽  
The Right

Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity may reduce ultrafiltration in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. We assessed lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep under dialysis conditions by cannulation of the relevant lymphatic vessels and compared lymphatic drainage in anesthetized and conscious animals. Lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the ovine peritoneal cavity. Volumes of a hypertonic dialysis solution (50 ml/kg 4.25% Dianeal) containing 25 microCi 125I-human serum albumin were instilled into the peritoneal cavity, and lymph flows and the appearance of labeled protein in the lymphatic and vascular compartments were monitored for 6 h. Intraperitoneal pressures increased 4–5 cmH2O above resting levels after infusion of dialysate. On the basis of the appearance of tracer in the lymph, drainage of peritoneal fluid into the caudal lymphatic was calculated to be 3.09 +/- 0.69 and 14.14 +/- 2.86 ml/h in anesthetized and conscious sheep, respectively. Drainage of peritoneal fluid into the thoracic duct preparations was calculated to be 1.32 +/- 0.33 and 14.69 +/- 5.73 ml/h in anesthetized and conscious sheep, respectively. Significant radioactivity was found in the bloodstream, and at least a portion of this was likely contributed by the right lymph duct, which was not cannulated in our experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals SOME OBSERVATIONS OF THE THORACIC DUCT LYMPH AFTER INJECTION OF OIL OF TURPENTINE INTO THE PERITONEAL CAVITY OF THE DOG

1912 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Robert L. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Peritoneal Effusion ◽  
Atypical Cells

Injection of oil of turpentine into the peritoneal cavity of a dog calls forth immediately an exudate of fluid from the surrounding tissues. The amount of fluid reaches the maximum on the third day and has practically disappeared on the fifth day. The cell content of this fluid is very small at first, but increases rapidly. The type of the predominating cells also changes. In the early exudate the small mononuclear cells are numerous and the large mononuclears few. Later the number of large mononuclear cells is increased and ultimately the polymorphonuclear cells preponderate. Various forms of atypical cells also occur. Much of the fluid and many of the cells are removed by way of the thoracic duct. The counts of the cells in the thoracic duct and the estimates based on these indicate that the duct does not remove all of the fluid or cells from the peritoneal cavity. Much fluid is probably taken back directly into the blood, as are many of the cells. Some of the cells make their way to the lymph nodes, while many perhaps undergo complete autolysis in the serous cavity. The polymorphonuclear cells do not enter the thoracic duct in great numbers. Examination of the lymph from the thoracic duct in the case of my dogs showed the types of cells that are usually found there. The variation in small mononuclear cells is so related to the cell content of the peritoneal effusion as to indicate that the supply in the blood is maintained from this source. The form and staining qualities of the cells indicate that many of the small mononuclear cells are returned to the thoracic duct. The ratio of polymorphonuclear cells present in the lymph bears no definite relation to the other features of the process. The transitional cells were increased in number and in their ratio to other cells. The increase in the transitional types accompanies an increase in large mononuclear cells and a decrease in small mononuclears. None of the atypical forms of cells found in the effusion were seen in the lymph. The number of eosinophils is without apparent relation to the other features of the process. No polymorphonuclear cells containing the pigment injected were found in the lymph of the thoracic duct, and the number of mononuclear cells containing pigment was small. Much pigment was deposited in the lymph nodes. Detailed and definite conclusions as to the relation between the cells of the lymph and those of the effusion cannot be arrived at satisfactorily without repeated observations on the same animal. Dr. Warthin examined many of the smears from these cases and frequently controlled the conclusions regarding the various types of cells. Dr. P. F. Morse assisted me frequently with the operative procedures and with the routine counting of the cells.

Reduced Lymphatic Drainage of Dialysate from the Peritoneal Cavity during Acute Peritonitis in Sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Rodela ◽  
Zheng-Yi Yuan ◽  
John B. Hay ◽  
Dimitrios G. Oreopoulos ◽  
Miles G. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Acute Peritonitis ◽  
Conscious Sheep ◽  
The Right

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute peritonitis on lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in conscious sheep Design Peritonitis was induced with the addition of 1% casein or 1% albumin to the dialysis solution. Thirty sheep (5 groups of 6) were used in this study. One group received 50 mL/kg intraperitoneal infusions of Dianeal 4.25% (486 mOsm/L); a second group received 1% casein-DianeaI4.25% (493 mOsm/L); a third group received 1% albumin-Dianeal 4.25% (487 mOsm/L). In the fourth and fifth groups (controls and casein-injected) lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity (peritonitis induced with casein). 1251-human serum albumin (25 μCi) was added to the dialysate as the lymph flow marker. Lymph drainage was estimated from (1) the appearance of the intraperitoneally administered tracer in the blood; (2) the disappearance of the tracer from the peritoneal cavity; and (3) the recovery of tracer in lymph. Results In noncannulated animals the cumulative volume removed by lymphatics over 6 hours (based on tracer recovery in blood) was 10.5 ±1.0 mL/kg in control animals versus 5.0 ± 0.6 mL/kg and 8.6 ± 1.2 mL/kg in casein and albumin-infused sheep, respectively. The suggestion of decreased lymph drainage in peritonitis was supported by the cannulation experiments. While the cumulative fluid removed from the peritoneal cavity over 6 hours in caudal lymph was unaffected by peritonitis (3.8 ± 0.4 mL/kg in controls vs 3.6 ± 0.5 mL/kg in casein injected animals), peritonitis reduced flow into the thoracic duct from 3.0 ± 0.3 to 1.1 ± 0.3 mL/kg. The sum of the volume removed in lymph in the cannulated preparations was 6.8 ± 0.4 mL/kg in controls versus 4.7 ± 0.5 mL/kg in the peritonitis group. The total volume removed from the cavity (including an estimate of flow based on the residual recovery of tracer in blood) was reduced from 12.6 ±1.4 in controls to 7.8 ± 0.6 mL/kg in the peritonitis sheep. In contrast, estimates of lymph drainage based on the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity suggested that lymph drainage increased (from 16.6 ±1.6 mL/kg in controls to 17.8 ±1.5 mL/kg and 25.5 ±1.7 mL/kg in the casein and albumin groups, respectively, in noncannulated animals and from 15.3 ± 1.4 mL/kg in controls to 25.0 ± 1.7 mL/kg in the cannulated group). In both noncannulated and cannulated sheep the total recovery of tracer was less in the peritonitis groups. Conclusions These studies demonstrated that lymph drainage of the peritoneal space was decreased in a casein peritonitis model. The decrease in lymph drainage is most obvious in the visceral pathway leading to the thoracic duct; however, diaphragmatic drainage into the right lymph duct may also be inhibited. The disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity was elevated during peritonitis. Tracer disappearance has been used to estimate lymph drainage, but this approach suggested, incorrectly, that lymph flow had increased.

Lymphatic Permeability to Albumin

1958 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney M. Patterson ◽  
Charles L. Ballard ◽  
Karlman Wasserman ◽  
H. S. Mayerson
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Duct Lymph

Radioactive albumin was infused proximally into a leg lymphatic of dogs at a constant rate, thoracic duct lymph and blood were sampled for 150 minutes and the radioactive albumin in these fluids determined. The infused albumin returns to the circulation primarily by the thoracic duct. Less than 3% of the infused albumin reaches the circulation by routes other than the thoracic duct except in unusual cases of right and left thoracic duct anastomoses. Lymph nodes do not phagocytize the serum albumin passing through them and exchange of albumin between lymph and blood in lymph nodes is quantitatively insignificant.

51Cr-RBCs and 125I-albumin as markers to estimate lymph drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 867-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Yuan ◽  
H. Rodela ◽  
J. B. Hay ◽  
D. Oreopoulos ◽  
M. G. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Ringer Lactate ◽  
Tracer Concentration ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Lymph Duct ◽  
Conscious Sheep

The purpose of this study was to compare the use of 125I-labeled human serum albumin (125I-HSA) and autologous 51Cr-labeled red blood cells (51Cr-RBCs) as lymph flow markers to estimate lymph drainage of the peritoneal cavity in conscious sheep. In one group, we assessed lymph drainage from the appearance of intraperitoneally administered tracer in the bloodstream. To determine distribution of drainage into discrete lymph compartments, in a second group of studies, lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in lymphatic drainage of the ovine peritoneal cavity. Ringer lactate solution (50 ml/kg) containing 8–10 microCi each of 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBCs was infused into the peritoneal cavity. Lymph drainage was calculated by dividing the change in mass of tracer in the blood or lymph compartments by the average intraperitoneal tracer concentration. In noncannulated animals, lymph drainage averaged over 6 h was higher with 125I-HSA as tracer (1.35 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.62 +/- 0.19 ml.h-1.kg-1 with 51Cr-RBCs). A similar pattern was noted in terms of drainage into the caudal lymphatic (0.89 +/- 0.23 and 0.52 +/- 0.19 ml.h-1.kg-1 with 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBCs, respectively) and thoracic duct (0.16 +/- 0.06 and 0.05 +/- 0.02 ml.h-1.kg-1 with 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBCs, respectively). Analysis of 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBC concentrations in lymph and intraperitoneal fluid suggested sieving of RBCs at the diaphragmatic stomata or lymph nodes. Using 125I-HSA as tracer and combining data from noncannulated and cannulated sheep, we estimated peritoneal lymph drainage to be 1.35 ml.h-1.kg-1, with 66% of this flow drained by the caudal vessel, 22% by the parasternal pathway (right lymph duct), and 12% by the thoracic duct.

Effect of PEEP on the rate of thoracic duct lymph flow and clearance of bacteria from the peritoneal cavity

1983 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Last ◽  
Lewis Kurtz ◽  
Theodore A. Stein ◽  
Leslie Wise
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph

scholarly journals Relationship between Upper Extremity Lymphatic Drainage and Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Patients with Breast Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaokai Ma ◽  
Shishuai Wen ◽  
Baofeng Liu ◽  
Dumin Li ◽  
Xiaolong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Axillary Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Sentinel Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Axillary Reverse Mapping

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between upper extremity lymphatics and sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in breast cancer patients.Methods. Forty-four patients who underwent axillary reverse mapping (ARM) during axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) with SNL biopsy (SLNB) between February 2017 and October 2017 were investigated. ARM was performed using indocyanine green (ICG) to locate the upper extremity lymphatics; methylene blue dye was injected intradermally for SLN mapping.Results. ARM nodes were found in the ALND fields of all examined patients. The rate of identification of upper extremity lymphatics within the SLNB field was 65.9% (29 of 44). The ARM nodes were involved in metastases arising from primary breast tumors in 7 of the patients (15.9%), while no metastases were detected in pathologic axillary lymph node-negative patients. Lymphatics from the upper extremity drained into the SLNs in 5 of the 44 patients (11.4%); their ARM-detected nodes were found to be in close proximity to the SLNs.Conclusions. The ARM nodes and SLNs are closely related and share lymphatic drainage routes. The ARM procedure using fluorescence imaging is both feasible and, in patients who are SLN negative, oncologically safe. ARM using ICG is therefore effective for identifying and preserving upper extremity lymphatics, and SLNB combined with ARM appears to be a promising surgical refinement for preventing upper extremity lymphoedema.Clinical Trial Registration. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrial.gov:NCT02651142.

scholarly journals A Cause of Bilateral Chylothorax: A Case of Mesothelioma without Pleural Involvement during Initial Diagnosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ercan Kurtipek ◽  
Meryem İlkay Eren Karanis ◽  
Nuri Düzgün ◽  
Hıdır Esme ◽  
Mustafa Çaycı
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Malignant Mesothelioma ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Initial Diagnosis ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Nodes ◽  
Ductus Thoracicus ◽  
Bilateral Chylothorax ◽  
Pleural Involvement

Chylothorax is characterized by fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity containing chylomicrons due to disruption of lymphatic drainage in the thoracic ductus and development of chylothorax. A 60-year-old male patient presented to our clinic with shortness of breath and displayed bilateral pleural effusion and diffuse mediastinal lymph nodes in his computed chest tomography images. There were no thickening and nodular formation on the pleural surfaces. PET-CT showed no pathological FDG uptake. Thoracentesis showed a chylous effusion. Drainage reduced during monitoring could not be stopped; therefore, surgical intervention was considered. The patient underwent right thoracotomy. There were no pathological findings in the parietal and visceral pleura during the surgery. Initially lymphoma was considered. Perioperative samples were collected from the mediastinal lymph node. The pathology analysis reported metastasis of malignant mesothelioma. Evaluation of a repeated chest computed tomography showed nodular formations on the pleural surfaces. Mediastinal lymph nodes compressed the ductus thoracicus, resulting with chylothorax. The present case, with malignant mesothelioma, bilateral chylothorax, and mediastinal lymph node without any pleural involvement during initial diagnosis, is rare and will hence contribute to the literature.

Role of fenestrated basement membrane in lymphatic absorption from peritoneal cavity

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lane Allen ◽  
Tim Weatherford
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Polystyrene Spheres ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Histological Picture

Polystyrene spheres with a range from chylomicron size up to 30 µ were injected into the peritoneal cavity of mouse, rat and cat, and were recovered from the regional lymph nodes. The largest recovered spheres in the mouse were 16.8 µ in diameter, in the rat and cat 24 µ. Inspection of the entire population of spheres recovered from lymph nodes 48 hours after intraperitoneal injection indicated that most of the fenestrations in the subperitoneal basement membrane are less than 5 µ in the mouse, and more than 5 µ in the cat. Fenestrations in the rat are intermediate between mouse and cat. The deductions as to fenestrations from inspection of the absorbed sphere populations is fairly well in accord with the histological picture in the mouse and cat. Many spheres reach the circulation and the larger ones are filtered out in the lungs, with resulting atelectasis.

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