51Cr-RBCs and 125I-albumin as markers to estimate lymph drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 867-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Yuan ◽  
H. Rodela ◽  
J. B. Hay ◽  
D. Oreopoulos ◽  
M. G. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Ringer Lactate ◽  
Tracer Concentration ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Lymph Duct ◽  
Conscious Sheep

The purpose of this study was to compare the use of 125I-labeled human serum albumin (125I-HSA) and autologous 51Cr-labeled red blood cells (51Cr-RBCs) as lymph flow markers to estimate lymph drainage of the peritoneal cavity in conscious sheep. In one group, we assessed lymph drainage from the appearance of intraperitoneally administered tracer in the bloodstream. To determine distribution of drainage into discrete lymph compartments, in a second group of studies, lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in lymphatic drainage of the ovine peritoneal cavity. Ringer lactate solution (50 ml/kg) containing 8–10 microCi each of 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBCs was infused into the peritoneal cavity. Lymph drainage was calculated by dividing the change in mass of tracer in the blood or lymph compartments by the average intraperitoneal tracer concentration. In noncannulated animals, lymph drainage averaged over 6 h was higher with 125I-HSA as tracer (1.35 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.62 +/- 0.19 ml.h-1.kg-1 with 51Cr-RBCs). A similar pattern was noted in terms of drainage into the caudal lymphatic (0.89 +/- 0.23 and 0.52 +/- 0.19 ml.h-1.kg-1 with 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBCs, respectively) and thoracic duct (0.16 +/- 0.06 and 0.05 +/- 0.02 ml.h-1.kg-1 with 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBCs, respectively). Analysis of 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBC concentrations in lymph and intraperitoneal fluid suggested sieving of RBCs at the diaphragmatic stomata or lymph nodes. Using 125I-HSA as tracer and combining data from noncannulated and cannulated sheep, we estimated peritoneal lymph drainage to be 1.35 ml.h-1.kg-1, with 66% of this flow drained by the caudal vessel, 22% by the parasternal pathway (right lymph duct), and 12% by the thoracic duct.

Reduced Lymphatic Drainage of Dialysate from the Peritoneal Cavity during Acute Peritonitis in Sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Rodela ◽  
Zheng-Yi Yuan ◽  
John B. Hay ◽  
Dimitrios G. Oreopoulos ◽  
Miles G. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Acute Peritonitis ◽  
Conscious Sheep ◽  
The Right

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute peritonitis on lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in conscious sheep Design Peritonitis was induced with the addition of 1% casein or 1% albumin to the dialysis solution. Thirty sheep (5 groups of 6) were used in this study. One group received 50 mL/kg intraperitoneal infusions of Dianeal 4.25% (486 mOsm/L); a second group received 1% casein-DianeaI4.25% (493 mOsm/L); a third group received 1% albumin-Dianeal 4.25% (487 mOsm/L). In the fourth and fifth groups (controls and casein-injected) lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity (peritonitis induced with casein). 1251-human serum albumin (25 μCi) was added to the dialysate as the lymph flow marker. Lymph drainage was estimated from (1) the appearance of the intraperitoneally administered tracer in the blood; (2) the disappearance of the tracer from the peritoneal cavity; and (3) the recovery of tracer in lymph. Results In noncannulated animals the cumulative volume removed by lymphatics over 6 hours (based on tracer recovery in blood) was 10.5 ±1.0 mL/kg in control animals versus 5.0 ± 0.6 mL/kg and 8.6 ± 1.2 mL/kg in casein and albumin-infused sheep, respectively. The suggestion of decreased lymph drainage in peritonitis was supported by the cannulation experiments. While the cumulative fluid removed from the peritoneal cavity over 6 hours in caudal lymph was unaffected by peritonitis (3.8 ± 0.4 mL/kg in controls vs 3.6 ± 0.5 mL/kg in casein injected animals), peritonitis reduced flow into the thoracic duct from 3.0 ± 0.3 to 1.1 ± 0.3 mL/kg. The sum of the volume removed in lymph in the cannulated preparations was 6.8 ± 0.4 mL/kg in controls versus 4.7 ± 0.5 mL/kg in the peritonitis group. The total volume removed from the cavity (including an estimate of flow based on the residual recovery of tracer in blood) was reduced from 12.6 ±1.4 in controls to 7.8 ± 0.6 mL/kg in the peritonitis sheep. In contrast, estimates of lymph drainage based on the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity suggested that lymph drainage increased (from 16.6 ±1.6 mL/kg in controls to 17.8 ±1.5 mL/kg and 25.5 ±1.7 mL/kg in the casein and albumin groups, respectively, in noncannulated animals and from 15.3 ± 1.4 mL/kg in controls to 25.0 ± 1.7 mL/kg in the cannulated group). In both noncannulated and cannulated sheep the total recovery of tracer was less in the peritonitis groups. Conclusions These studies demonstrated that lymph drainage of the peritoneal space was decreased in a casein peritonitis model. The decrease in lymph drainage is most obvious in the visceral pathway leading to the thoracic duct; however, diaphragmatic drainage into the right lymph duct may also be inhibited. The disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity was elevated during peritonitis. Tracer disappearance has been used to estimate lymph drainage, but this approach suggested, incorrectly, that lymph flow had increased.

Lymphatic drainage of hypertonic solution from peritoneal cavity of anesthetized and conscious sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 859-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Tran ◽  
H. Rodela ◽  
N. J. Abernethy ◽  
Z. Y. Yuan ◽  
J. B. Hay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Conscious Sheep ◽  
The Right

Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity may reduce ultrafiltration in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. We assessed lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep under dialysis conditions by cannulation of the relevant lymphatic vessels and compared lymphatic drainage in anesthetized and conscious animals. Lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the ovine peritoneal cavity. Volumes of a hypertonic dialysis solution (50 ml/kg 4.25% Dianeal) containing 25 microCi 125I-human serum albumin were instilled into the peritoneal cavity, and lymph flows and the appearance of labeled protein in the lymphatic and vascular compartments were monitored for 6 h. Intraperitoneal pressures increased 4–5 cmH2O above resting levels after infusion of dialysate. On the basis of the appearance of tracer in the lymph, drainage of peritoneal fluid into the caudal lymphatic was calculated to be 3.09 +/- 0.69 and 14.14 +/- 2.86 ml/h in anesthetized and conscious sheep, respectively. Drainage of peritoneal fluid into the thoracic duct preparations was calculated to be 1.32 +/- 0.33 and 14.69 +/- 5.73 ml/h in anesthetized and conscious sheep, respectively. Significant radioactivity was found in the bloodstream, and at least a portion of this was likely contributed by the right lymph duct, which was not cannulated in our experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Quantitation of Lymphatic Drainage of the Peritoneal Cavity in Sheep: Comparison of Direct Cannulation Techniques with Indirect Methods to Estimate L Ymph Flow

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Tran ◽  
Helen Rodela ◽  
John B. Hay ◽  
Dimitrios Oreopoulos ◽  
Miles G. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Drainage Fluid ◽  
Peritoneal Drainage ◽  
Ultrafiltration Failure ◽  
Lymph Duct ◽  
The Right

Objective It has been suggested that lymphatics may contribute to ultrafiltration failure in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) byabsorbing dialysate and ultrafiltrate from the peritoneal cavity. In most studies lymphatic drainage has been estimated from the disappearance of an instilled tracer from the peritoneal cavity or estimated from the appearance of an intraperitoneally administered tracer in the bloodstream. However, in sheep it is possible to cannulate several of the relevant lymphatics that drain the peritoneal cavity and assess lymph drainage parameters directly. The purpose of this study was to estimate lymph drainage from the peritoneal cavity in sheep using the disappearance of tracer from the cavity and the appearance of intraperitoneally instilled tracer in the bloodstream and to compare these results with those obtained from our previous studies using cannulation techniques. Design Experiments were performed in anesthetized and nonanesthetized animals. Volumes of 50 mL/kg of Dianeal 4.25% containing 25 μCi of 1251-albumin were infused into the peritoneal cavity. Results In anesthetized sheep the calculated peritoneal lymph drainage from monitoring the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity over 6 hours was 1.873±0.364 mL/kg/hour. Monitoring the appearance of tracer in the blood gave significantly lower peritoneal lymph flow rates of 1.094±0.241 mL/kg/hour. Directly measured lymph flow rates from our earlier publication were lower still and ranged from 0.156±0.028 -0.265±0.049 mL/hour/kg, depending on how we estimated the right lymph duct contribution to peritoneal drainage, since we could not cannulate this vessel. We repeated these experiments in conscious sheep. The value for lymph flow estimated from the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity was 2.398±0.617 mL/hour/kg and from the appearance of tracer in the blood, 1.424±0.113 mL/ hour/kg. The1ymph flow rates monitored from indwelling lymphatic catheters ranged from 1.021 ±0.186 -1.523±0.213 mL/hour/kg (again, depending on our estimates for the right lymph duct). Conclusions Lymph flow rates measured from indwelling lymphatic catheters provided the most conservative values for lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity under dialysis conditions. Estimates of lymphatic drainage based on the appearance of tracer in the blood gave values that were on average higher. The method using the disappearance of tracer from the cavity to estimate lymph flows overestimated peritoneal lymph drainage. Fluid was lost from the peritoneal cavity, and the estimated proportion of liquid lost through lymphatic drainage depended on the technique used to measure lymph flow rates.

Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (3) ◽  
pp. F353-F358 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Abernethy ◽  
W. Chin ◽  
J. B. Hay ◽  
H. Rodela ◽  
D. Oreopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption

Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity has been investigated in anesthetized sheep. Studies involving intraperitoneal administration of a complex of Evans blue dye and bovine serum albumin demonstrated the existence of three anatomically distinct pathways. In the first pathway, dye is removed from the peritoneal cavity by diaphragmatic lymphatics that pass into caudal sternal lymph nodes. Efferent lymphatics from these nodes transport the material to cranial sternal lymph nodes. Efferent cranial sternal lymphatics then convey the material either directly or indirectly, via tracheal lymphatic trunks, to the right lymph duct. In the second pathway, the complex is transported from the peritoneal cavity by diaphragmatic lymphatics that pass into the caudal mediastinal lymph node. Efferent lymphatic ducts from this node transport the material to the thoracic duct. The third pathway appears to involve transport of the dye across the mesothelial lining of the abdominal viscera and removal from the interstitium by afferent visceral lymphatics. Material taken up in this manner is ultimately transported to the thoracic duct by efferent visceral lymphatics. Experiments involving measurements of lymphatic absorption of 125I-labeled human serum albumin from the peritoneal cavity indicated that, over the 6-h period studied, 4.55 +/- 1.20 and 1.43 +/- 0.56% of the injected tracer could be recovered in thoracic duct lymph and caudal mediastinal efferent lymph, respectively, and the sum of these values represented 26% of the recovered radioactivity. On the other hand, 16.95 +/- 6.93% of the injected radioactivity could be found in the blood over the same period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Lymphatic drainage of Listeria inonocytogenes and Indian ink inoculated in the peritoneal cavity of the mouse

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Marco ◽  
M. Domingo ◽  
J. Ruberte ◽  
A. Carretero ◽  
V. Briones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Intracellular Bacterium ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Systemic Dissemination ◽  
Intraperitoneal Inoculation

The lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity has been investigated by intraperitoneal inoculation of an intracellular bacterium ( Listeria monocytogenes) and an inert marker (Indian ink). The results reveal that both agents are transported, either after phagocytosis by intraperitoneal macro phages or in suspension in the lymph, towards the cranial sternal lymph nodes ( Lymphonodi sternales craniales) of the ventral thoracic Iymphocentrum ( Lymphocentrum thoracicum ventrale) and to the lymph nodes of the mediastinal lymphocentrum ( Lymphocentrum mediastinale), prior to systemic dissemination. This mechanism of peritoneal lymph drainage has relevance on experimental studies involving the inoculation of pathogens, and on the investigation of metastatic diffusion of neoplasms from the peritoneum.

Peritoneal lymphatic uptake of fibrinogen and erythrocytes in the rat

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (1) ◽  
pp. H89-H96 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Flessner ◽  
R. J. Parker ◽  
S. M. Sieber
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymphatic Transport ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Intraperitoneal Pressure ◽  
Large Molecular Weight

Intact and thoracic duct-cannulated rats were dialyzed at various intraperitoneal pressures with 5% bovine serum albumin solutions containing 125I-fibrinogen or 51Cr-erythrocytes. Lymphatic transport rates were calculated from the mass of tracer passing into the plasma space as function of tracer concentration in the peritoneal fluid during dialysis periods ranging between 143 and 360 min. Peritoneal protein concentrations were constant over the duration of the experiments. The calculated lymph flow rate was independent of intraperitoneal pressure and in intact rats averaged 2.85 +/- 1.22 microliters/min for uptake of 125I-fibrinogen and 2.60 +/- 1.17 for uptake of 51Cr-erythrocytes. However, the observed fluid loss rates from the peritoneal cavity were sensitive to the intraperitoneal pressure and were 5 to 20 times the calculated lymph flow rate. Mass balance experiments in two rats dialyzed with 125I-fibrinogen indicated that a significant proportion (28%) of tracer leaving the peritoneal cavity is absorbed by the anterior muscle wall of the abdomen and is probably trapped there because of its large molecular weight. Results from 125I-fibrinogen and 51Cr-erythrocyte uptake experiments both indicated that only approximately 30% of the total lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity passes through the thoracic duct in rats.

Proportions of dog lung lymph in the thoracic and right lymph ducts

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 894-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Vreim ◽  
K. Ohkuda ◽  
N. C. Staub
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Lymph Duct ◽  
Lung Lymph ◽  
Severe Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Lung Lymph Flow

We studied the external lymphatic drainage of the lung in anesthetized dogs, by simultaneously measuring lymph flows from the thoracic duct (TD) and right lymph duct (RLD) during base line and during pulmonary edema. We measured lymph flow for a 2-h base-line period, for 2 h after tying off the thoracic duct above the diaphragm to eliminate nonthoracic lymph contributions, and after giving alloxan. Following alloxan, all dogs developed moderately severe pulmonary edema. In eight dogs the average TD flows were 24.0, 0.9, and 8.2 ml/h and RLD flows were 1.1, 1.3, and 8.4 ml/h, respectively. If we assume that all increases in lymph flow after giving alloxan are due to increased lung lymph flow, then, on the average, 50% of lung lymph drains into the TD and 50% into the RLD. However, among the eight dogs, four had significant increases in TD flow after alloxan (8.9–24.6 ml/h), and four did not. RLD flow increased in all dogs following alloxan. It appears the fraction of lung lymph draining into the TD and RLD can vary greatly amone individual dogs but, on the average, the TD and RLD receive about equal fractions of the pulmonary lymph. In shamoperated control animals TD and RLD lymph flows did not change over a 5-h period.

Effect of PEEP on the rate of thoracic duct lymph flow and clearance of bacteria from the peritoneal cavity

1983 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Last ◽  
Lewis Kurtz ◽  
Theodore A. Stein ◽  
Leslie Wise
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Duct Lymph

Stimulation of regional lymphatic and blood flow by epicutaneous oxazolone

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 966-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chufa He ◽  
Alan J. Young ◽  
Charles A. West ◽  
Mei Su ◽  
Moritz A. Konerding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Vascular Network ◽  
Corrosion Casting ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Clinical Appearance ◽  
Early Increase ◽  
Lymph Duct

The application of the epicutaneous antigen oxazolone results in persistent induration and erythema; however, the relative changes in lymph and blood flow in the inflammatory skin are largely unknown. To define the contribution of lymph and blood flow to the clinical appearance of cutaneous inflammation, we studied the sheep ear after the application of oxazolone. As a model for the study of these changes, the sheep ear had several experimental advantages: 1) a simplified superficial vascular network, 2) defined lymphatic drainage, and 3) an avascular and alymphatic cartilaginous barrier. Lymph flow was continuously monitored by cannulation of the prescapular efferent lymph duct. Blood flow, as reflected by cutaneous erythema, was noninvasively measured by use of a visible-spectrum spectrophotometer. The application of the epicutaneous oxazolone resulted in increased ear thickness for >7 days. The lymph flow from the oxazolone-stimulated ear peaked between 24 and 48 h after oxazolone stimulation. Spectrophotometric evaluation indicated that the cutaneous erythema peaked 72–96 h after application of oxazolone. Corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy of the microcirculation at 96 h after antigen stimulation demonstrated significant dilatation of the superficial vascular network. These results suggest a biphasic response to oxazolone stimulation: 1) an early increase in vascular permeability associated with increased lymph flow and 2) a subsequent increase in relative blood flow associated with a dilated inflammatory microcirculation.

Time course of plasma and pulmonary lymph endothelin-like immunoreactivity during sustained endotoxaemia in chronically instrumented sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Morel ◽  
J. F. Pittet ◽  
K. Gunning ◽  
A. Hemsen ◽  
J. S. Lacroix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Organ Failure ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Endotoxin Infusion ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Multi Organ Failure ◽  
Conscious Sheep

1. Endothelin, a novel vasoconstrictor 21-residue peptide isolated from the supernatant of cultured porcine endothelial cells, has been shown to be increased in plasma in a variety of cardiovascular disease states, including acute myocardial infarction, acute renal failure and essential hypertension. We determined the time course of plasma and pulmonary lymph endothelin-like immunoreactivity in relation to the progressive deterioration of cardiopulmonary function in an ovine septic shock model leading to multi-organ failure syndrome and death within 42 h of a continuous intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin (40 ng min−1 kg−1). 2. Plasma and pulmonary lymph endothelin-like immunoreactivity were measured by r.i.a. using a specific antiserum raised in rabbits against porcine endothelin-1. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity was further determined in lung tissue and the thoracic duct lymph of endotoxin-treated sheep by reversed-phase h.p.l.c. In control instrumented conscious sheep not infused with endotoxin, there were no significant changes in any of the measured cardiopulmonary and biochemical variables, with plasma and pulmonary lymph endothelin-like immunoreactivity remaining below the detection limit (< 1 pg/tube) throughout the 72 h study period. 3. Conscious sheep receiving endotoxin showed a major hypotensive septic syndrome, including persistently decreased systemic blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, stroke volume, left ventricular stroke work, associated with sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and protein-rich pulmonary oedema (> five-fold increase in pulmonary lymph flow and protein clearance), and marked lactic acidosis, leading to the death of animals within 14–42 h despite institution of mechanical ventilation and adequate intravascular volume replacement. 4. Appearance of endothelin-like immunoreactivity, as revealed by r.i.a., in arterial plasma and pulmonary lymph was simultaneous in both circulatory beds, with peak values measured between 4 and 12 h after the start of endotoxin infusion (plasma: 68 ± 8 pg/ml, pulmonary lymph: 88 ± 18 pg/ml, P < 0.05 compared with control sheep). After 12 h of endotoxaemia, endothelin-like immunoreactivity in both fluids progressively decreased up to the death of the animals, although remaining significantly above that measured in control sheep. The analysis of extracts of lung and thoracic duct by reversed-phase h.p.l.c. revealed that the r.i.a. method used in the present study mainly detected endothelin-1. 5. Our results demonstrate the presence of a marked and persistent increase in endothelin-like immunoreactivity in plasma and pulmonary lymph of sheep during lethal endotoxin shock with multi-organ failure, suggesting a continuous production and/or release of endothelin-1 into the pulmonary lymph and the systemic circulation upon continuous endotoxin infusion. These findings suggest that endothelin may contribute to the vasomotor disturbances observed during the development of septic shock, although studies using selective receptor antagonists or synthesis inhibitors are required to definitively confirm a potential pathophysiological role of endothelin during endotoxaemia.

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