Coordination of mucociliary transport in human trachea and intrapulmonary airways

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Yeates ◽  
B. R. Pitt ◽  
D. M. Spektor ◽  
G. A. Karron ◽  
R. E. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Mucociliary Transport ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vertically Aligned ◽  
Human Trachea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tracheal Mucus ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Made In

A wide range of both mucus velocities in the trachea and rates of bronchial mucociliary clearance have been measured in humans. To investigate the coordination of mucociliary transport in the intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary airways, simultaneous measurements of tracheal mucus velocity and lung clearance were made in 22 healthy nonsmoking adults. Each subject inhaled several breaths of an iron oxide aerosol tagged with 99mTc. Measurements of retained activity in the right lung were made for 2.25 h with a pair of 5 x 2 in. NaI (T1) detectors. Tracheal mucociliary transport rates (TMTR) were measured with a probe containing six vertically aligned rectangular NaI (T1) detectors. The mean TMTR was 5.1 +/- 2.9 mm/min. The mean time for the first bolus to be detected on the multidetector probe (large airway transit time, LATT) was 52 +/- 24 min. At this time the percent cleared (Bi) was 24 +/- 15% and the rate of clearance (Bi) was 0.64 +/- 0.35%/min. The mean percent cleared within a 2-h interval (B120) was 51 +/- 22%. The TMTR was closely correlated with Bi and Bi with B120. The TMTR was also correlated to B120, but not closely correlated with LATT. It is suggesting that coordination of mucus transport throughout the airways of the lung represents the nonchallenged state and is responsible for the maintenance of normal bronchial toilet.

scholarly journals Variability of Neutral-Position Casting of the Foot

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivienne Chuter ◽  
Craig Payne ◽  
Kathryn Miller
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
Experienced Clinician ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of

Neutral-position casting of the foot is used for the manufacture of functional foot orthoses, and an accurate cast is widely assumed to be a prerequisite for a good orthotic device. The primary aim of this study was to determine the variability of casting between inexperienced and experienced clinicians and the variability of one experienced clinician taking multiple casts. Ten inexperienced and ten experienced clinicians took a cast of the right foot of a single subject, and a single experienced clinician took ten casts of the same foot. The frontal plane forefoot-to-rearfoot relationship of each cast was determined, and no difference was found in the mean and variances among the three groups. The range of the forefoot-to-rearfoot relationship across all groups was from 10.0° everted to 6.5° inverted, indicating that there is a wide range in neutral-position casting of the foot. As outcome studies have reported the successful outcomes of functional foot orthoses, this wide variability may not necessarily be a problem. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(1): 1-5, 2003)

scholarly journals Multiple flux rope events at the magnetopause observations by TC-1 on 18 March 2004

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 2897-2901 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Xiao ◽  
Z. Y. Pu ◽  
Y. Wei ◽  
Z. X. Liu ◽  
C. M. Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flux Rope ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Guide Field ◽  
Flux Ropes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Made In

Abstract. From 23:10 to 23:50 UT on 18 March 2004, the Double Star TC-1 spacecraft detected eight flux ropes at the outbound crossing of the southern dawnside magnetopause. A notable guide field existed inside all ropes. In the mean time the Cluster spacecraft were staying in the magnetosheath and found that the events occurred under the condition of southward IMF Bz and dominant negative IMF By. There are six ropes that appeared quasi-periodically, with a repeated period being approximately 1-4 min. The last flux rope lasts for a longer time interval with a larger peak in the BN variations; it can thus be referred to as a typical FTE. The 18 March 2004 event is quite similar to the multiple flux rope event observed by Cluster on 26 January 2001 at the northern duskside high-latitude magnetopause. A detailed comparison of these two events is made in the paper. Preliminary studies imply that both of these multiple flux ropes events seem to be produced by component reconnection at the dayside low-latitude magnetopause.

Mechanical properties of muscle units in the cat diaphragm

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1055-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fournier ◽  
G. C. Sieck
Keyword(s):  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Tetanic Force ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Tetanic Tension

1. Muscle units in the right sternocostal region of the cat diaphragm (DIA) were isolated in situ by dissecting filaments of the C5 ventral root. Isometric contractile and fatigue properties of DIA units were then measured. Contractile properties included: twitch contraction time (CT), peak twitch tension (Pt), maximum tetanic tension (P0), and the frequency dependence of tension production. Muscle-unit fatigue resistance was estimated using a 2-min fatigue test. 2. DIA muscle units were classified as fast (F) or slow (S) based on the presence or absence of sag in their unfused tetanic force responses. Muscle-unit fatigue indices (FI) were used to further classify DIA units as slow-twitch fatigue-resistant (S), fast-twitch fatigue-resistant (FR) fast-twitch fatigue-intermediate (FInt), or fast-twitch fatigable (FF) types. 3. Based on a total of 47 completely characterized DIA muscle units, 21% were classified as S, 4% as FR, 28% as FInt, and 47% as FF. In contrast to the distribution of unit types in other mixed appendicular muscles, the DIA was composed of a very low proportion of FR units and a relatively high proportion of FInt units. An interval of FIs between 0.50 and 0.75 separated units into fatigue-resistant and fatigable groups. The distribution of FIs for FF and most FInt units was continuous, indicating that they formed a single fatigable group. Relatively few FF units in the DIA had FIs less than 0.10. 4. A wide range of contractile properties was observed for DIA muscle units. Type S units had longer CTs and lower Pt and P0 values than type F units. The mean Pt and P0 of FF and FInt units were comparable, whereas the mean Pt and P0 of the two FR units were lower. Type S units produced a greater proportion of their P0 at lower frequencies of activation than type F units. The lower P0S produced by type F units in the DIA indicated that they were smaller than similar units in appendicular muscles. It was concluded that in meeting most normal ventilatory requirements, adequate force could be generated by the recruitment of only type S and FR units. The recruitment of the more fatigable FF and FInt units may occur only during more forceful respiratory and nonrespiratory behaviors of the DIA.

scholarly journals The effect of body position on intraocular pressure in calves

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Başak Kurt ◽  
Halil H. Çağatay ◽  
Özgür Aksoy
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Diagnostic Device ◽  
Rebound Tonometer ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iop Measurement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lateral Recumbency

Tonometry is one of the basic diagnostic tests used for the diagnosis of glaucoma and uveitis in veterinary ophthalmology. The Icare® Rebound Tonometer which is a new tonometric device has been shown to be useful in a wide range of species. Eyes (n = 48) of 24 Simmental and Montafon calves with a mean age of 7.5 weeks (2–16 weeks), male and female, were subjected to intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement using the Icare® Rebound Tonometer with calves standing and in lateral recumbency. The mean IOP was measured as 9.02 ± 2.38 mmHg in the right eye and 9.08 ± 2.55 mmHg in the left eye. No age-related change was found in intraocular pressure of the calves between 2 and 16 weeks of age. No difference in IOP values was observed between Simmental and Montafon calves. Body position had no effect on IOP in calves. The Icare® Rebound Tonometer was shown to be a suitable diagnostic device for IOP measurement in calves.

scholarly journals Spinal myoclonus: report of four cases

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Pitágoras de Mattos ◽  
Ana Lúcia Z. Rosso ◽  
Antonio J. V. Carneiro ◽  
Sergio Novis
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spastic Paraplegia ◽  
Devic’S Disease ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
Fourth Patient ◽  
Devic's Disease ◽  
Spinal Myoclonus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Time

Four cases of spinal myoclonus are described, three males and one female. The mean age was 51 years (28-75 years). The mean time between the onset of the myelopathy and the myoclonic jerks was 4.3 months (1-8 months). The involuntary movements were determined by trauma, Devic's disease, tuberculous myelopathy and tumor. Three patients had spastic paraplegia with bilateral myoclonus more evident on the right side. The fourth patient had a flaccid paraplegia with symmetrical jerks. The data suggest that different processes (trauma, demyelinating, infection and tumor) affecting the spinal cord may cause the same type of involuntary movements.

scholarly journals Carpal tunnel syndrome and manual milking: nerve conduction studies in 43 cases

2006 ◽  
Vol 64 (3b) ◽  
pp. 747-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Aris Kouyoumdjian ◽  
Rogério Gayer Machado de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Carpal Tunnel ◽  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Conduction Studies ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Time

From 1989 to 2004, 3125 consecutive patients had electrodiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS); from these 43 cases (1.38%) were associated to manual milking; mean age was 44.9 years and 88.4% were male. The mean time in the milking profession was 247 months; the mean daily milking time was 146 minutes; symptoms referred at electrodiagnostic consultation had lasted on average 34 months, 83% were bilateral. The median sensory nerve conduction study was abnormal in 75.6% to the right and 66.7% to the left hand. The median nerve motor distal latency (MDL) was abnormal in 92.1% to the right and in 80.0% to the left hand. There were no differences between right and left for all electrophysiological parameters. In CTS related to manual milking most cases were men, with the MDL more affected than the sensory distal latencies and the electrophysiological abnormalities were found to be symmetric. Manual milking could be a natural model for occupational CTS. In contrast to idiopathic CTS, there was a greater involvement of motor fascicles; this finding is remarkable for CTS.

On some aspects of the life and work of John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, F. R. S., in India

1987 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-237 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Presidency College ◽  
Statistical Institute ◽  
Trunk Road ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Indian Statistical ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Time

The area of Baranagore on the northern outskirts of Calcutta consists of various industries and factories interspersed with small neighbourhoods of middle-class homes. The main artery o f transport is the Barrackpore Trunk Road, a wide and straight thoroughfare originally built by the British Colonial rulers for the rapid movement of their troops from their barracks to the strategic sea-port of Calcutta. The Indian Statistical Institute occupies several city blocks along this highway. It was founded by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, F.R.S., in the early 1930s as a small Statistical Laboratory at the Presidency College, Calcutta, where he was then the Professor o f Physics. At the time of Haldane’s arrival in India the institute employed 2000 workers. On 4 January 1958 I was ushered into a classroom on the second floor of the institute to await Haldane’s arrival. I had never met him before that date. I had read a great deal about his bad temper, ferocity and eccentric behaviour in the popular press. In response to my request for a research position under his direction, Haldane had earlier tested my knowledge in plant genetics with some assignments and was satisfied to the extent that he offered me a scholarship at the institute. In the mean time I was personally interviewed by Mahalanobis in New Delhi at Haldane’s request. As I was waiting for Haldane that morning I was far from certain that I had made the right decision to work with him.

Tracheal Resection and Mucociliary Clearance

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Giordano ◽  
Douglas S. Holsclaw
Keyword(s):  
Histological Examination ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Tracheal Resection ◽  
Ciliated Epithelium ◽  
Mucociliary Transport ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Resection And Anastomosis ◽  
Tracheal Mucus

Mucociliary transport following tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis was evaluated in beagle dogs, using the movement of 99MTC labeled sodium pertechnetate solution as a marker. Preoperatively, mucociliary clearance was stable, but a three-fold decrease in tracheal mucus movement was found three days postoperatively. Clearance rates had returned to normal by 31 days postoperatively and remained stable over a ten week period of observation. By histological examination, normal ciliated epithelium was seen within six months following resection and anastomosis. Since up to 25% (4 cm or seven tracheal rings) of tracheal length was removed, significant longitudinal loss can take place without functional impairment of mucociliary clearance. Circumferential narrowing, however, was associated with a significant decrease in clearance.

scholarly journals V. On the results of tide observations made in June 1834 at the coast guard sta­tions in Great Britain and Ireland

1835 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Preventive Service ◽  
The Moon ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Service Stations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Made In

In the conclusion of “An Essay towards a first Approximation to a Map of Cotidal Lines," published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833, I stated my opinion that simultaneous tide observations, made at the stations of the Preventive Service, and continued for a fortnight, would give us a clearer view of the progress of the tide along the coasts of this country than we could acquire from any records then extant. A representation to this effect being made to Captain Bowles, the Chief Commis­sioner of that Service, and to Captain Beaufort, the Hydrographer of the Admiralty, those gentlemen entered with great interest and activity into the proposal for promoting this branch of science by such a series of observations; and they undertook to give orders for carrying the plan into effect, and directions for its execution. Such observations were accordingly made at all the Preventive Service stations on the coasts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, from June 7 to June 22 inclusive, and the registers of the observations were sent to the Admiralty, where they now are. I expected to be able to deduce from these returns the solution of several curious and important questions respecting the tides, and probably to obtain some new laws of their phenomena. For this purpose, however, it was necessary to perform a pre­vious reduction of the registered observations, correcting the times as far as the methods employed would allow, and subtracting from each time of tide the time of the previous transit of the moon, in order to obtain the interval. Though this opera­tion was very simple, the performance of it in so many cases (above 12,000) required more time than I could devote to it. Captain Beaufort kindly allowed it to be exe­cuted by Mr. Dessiou, of the Hydrographer’s Office ; and it was my intention to defer laying the account of the observations before the Society till the whole of them had been reduced, and their results investigated. But Mr. Dessiou, having executed this reduction for the whole of the south coast of England, has been prevented by illness and by more pressing employments, from proceeding to the remaining coasts. In the mean time, having examined the reduced observations, I have been led to some conclusions which appear to me interesting and important ; and which, I think, con­sidering the delay which may attend the reduction of the remaining returns, and the intention which is entertained of repeating the observations in the ensuing June, it may be worth while very briefly to announce. I shall defer the communication of the details by which these results are established till I am able to include in them the east coast of England and the coasts of Ireland and Scotland.

scholarly journals Pathology and surgical outcomes of anterior traumatic shoulder instability in gymnasts (235)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0034
Author(s):  
Toru Omodani ◽  
Hiroyuki Sugaya ◽  
Norimasa Takahashi ◽  
Keisuke Matsuki ◽  
Morihito Tokai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Shoulder Instability ◽  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Arthroscopic Surgery ◽  
Bankart Lesion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

Objectives: For shoulders of artistic gymnasts, stability against various forces such as weight bearing, torsion, and traction is required as well as wide range of motion. The prevalence of shoulder instability in gymnasts has been reported to be high, particularly in female gymnasts; however, there has been no report on its pathology and the surgical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the pathology and surgical outcomes of anterior traumatic shoulder instability in gymnasts. Methods: The subjects of this study were 18 shoulders of 16 gymnasts that underwent arthroscopic surgery for anterior traumatic shoulder instability. They consisted of 4 male and 14 female shoulders with a mean age of 18 years (range, 16-20). The mean follow-up was 30 months (range, 10-66 months). All surgeries were performed arthroscopically, and procedures were determined according to the intraoperative findings. Patients were immobilized with a brace for 3 weeks and started range of motion exercise after the immobilization period. Hand-stand or hanging were normally allowed at 3 month after surgery according to patients’ functional recovery. We investigated injury mechanism, intraoperative findings, surgical procedures, times to start hand-stand or hanging and to start giant swing, time to complete return to gymnastics, and recurrence of instability. Results: Three shoulders experienced dislocations that self-reduction was impossible. The remaining 15 shoulders had self-reducible dislocations or subluxations, and 10 of 15 shoulders were injured with the shoulder hyper-flexed: e.g., pulling up hands during somersaults; pushing off the vault (Figure). Bankart lesion was identified during surgery in 14 shoulders including one bony Bankart lesion. Capsular tear was found in 5 shoulders, and only one lesion was concomitant with Bankart lesion. All lesions were arthroscopically repaired. We additionally performed rotator interval closure in 10 shoulders, superior labrum repair in 13, and rotator cuff repair in 2. One patient retired from gymnastics immediately after surgery, and 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining 13 patients returned to gymnastics. The mean time to start hand-stand or hanging was 4 months (range, 3-10 months), and that to start giant swing was 6 months (range, 3-15 months). The mean time to complete return was 9 months (range, 5-17 months). Two shoulders experienced recurrence (1 dislocation and 1 subluxation) after return to gymnastics. Both shoulders underwent revision surgery and returned to gymnastics. Conclusions: Capsular tear without Bankart lesion was more common (4 shoulder, 22%) in gymnasts than general population. The sport-related characteristics might be associated with the high incidence of capsular tear. The outcomes of arthroscopic stabilization for gymnasts was good with the high complete return rate.

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